New Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) sauropod remains from the Valtos Formation, Isle of Skye, Scotland

The discovery of a sauropod tooth and a single sauropod footprint from the Valtos Formation supplements our knowledge of these dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye. Although the family cannot be determined from this single tooth, it is thought that it represents a primitive eusauropod and may belong to a similar sauropod to that previously described from limited isolated osteological evidence (caudal vertebra, damaged humerus and a rib). The characteristics that suggest this affinity include evidence of denticles on one edge of the tooth, wrinkling and granulation of the enamel, wear suggesting crown-to-crown occlusion, and the spatulate tooth shape. The single sauropod footprint is the oldest record of a sauropod footprint from the Middle Jurassic of Skye

Review of: Félix Pérez-Lorente 2015. Dinosaur Footprints and Trackways of La Rioja. Indian University Press. ISBN: 978-0-253-01515-0.

Book review: Félix Pérez-Lorente 2015. Dinosaur Footprints and Trackways of La Rioja. 376 pp. Indiana University Press. Hardcover. ISBN: 978-0-253-01515-0. Price $85.00/£61.00; e-book$84.99

Review of the Dinosaur Remains from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland, UK

Dinosaurs are rare from the Middle Jurassic worldwide. The Isle of Skye, is the only place in Scotland thus far to have produced dinosaur remains. These remains consist mainly of footprints, but also several bones and teeth. These Bajocian and Bathonian remains represent an important collection of a basal eusauropod, early examples of non-neosauropod and possible basal titanosauriform eusauropods, and theropod remains that may belong to an early coelurosaur and a possible megalosaurid, basal tyrannosauroid, or dromaeosaurid. The footprints from here also suggest a rich and diverse dinosaur fauna for which further better diagnosable remains are likely to be found

A qualitative study of the contribution of pharmacists to heart failure management in Scotland

Study objectives: (1) To identify the medication management needs of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and their caregivers; (2) To examine the perceived support for medication management available to these people from health professionals; (3) To identify the actual and potential perceived contribution of pharmacists to medication management. Setting: A mixed urban/ rural region in the west of Scotland. Design: Semi-structured qualitative research interviews. Participants: A total of 50 people with CHF (NYHA Class II and III) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (33 males; mean age 67 years, 17 females; mean age 68 years) and 30 nominated caregivers recruited from the outpatient departments of two hospitals in the West of Scotland. Sampling was purposive to include patients from a range of CHF severity, ages and sexes. Main results: Managing medications was a responsibility shared by both the patients with CHF and caregivers. Treatment regimens were reported to be difficult to comply with. Health professionals were seen to provide little support for medication management. Pharmacists were viewed as being a good and accessible source of practical assistance who were also knowledgeable about the individual’s heart health history. Participants reported valuing advice from pharmacists about the side effects of medications and for their assistance in reducing the complex logistics of medication management and in having medications delivered. Conclusions: Patients with CHF and caregivers voiced a willingness to try to manage their medication regimen accurately but had a limited capacity to do so. Pharmacists were viewed as providing valuable support to patients with CHF and their caregivers, in terms of medication management. The extended role of pharmacists in medication management of CHF should be encouraged

The discovery of <i>Isocrinus</i> cf. <i>robustus</i> from the Lias Group (Lower Jurassic) near Dunrobin Castle, Sutherland, Scotland

A single stem section (pluricolumnal) belonging to a post-Palaeozoic crinoid (sea lily) is reported from a small outcrop of Lower Jurassic Lias Group strata exposed in low cliff near Dunrobin Castle. This is the first Jurassic crinoid recorded from Eastern Scotland and the small fragment has enough diagnostic characters to be assigned to the species Isocrinus cf. robustus; a crinoid found commonly in the Lower Jurassic of England. The Scottish form collected has unusual morphology that is atypical of the genus

The alien flora of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve

An annotated species list of the alien vascular plant flora of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve is presented. The flora comprises five gymnosperm and 68 angiosperm species that are definitely alien to the reserve and four angiosperm species that are possibly alien. The life-form distribution of the alien flora is shown to be significantly different from that of the indigenous flora; trees, shrubs and annual herbs are more important in the alien flora, and dwarf shrubs and perennial herbs are much less important. Biotic factors are suggested as being important in determining the success of alien invasions, in particular grazing by ungulates. The invasion rate is currently about one new species per year. By ceasing to introduce tree species and by restricting human disturbance, the rate of invasion of new species could be reduced

The history and effects of alien plant control in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, 1941–1987

Concern about the invasion of this reserve by alien trees and shrubs, principally Acacia cyclops, A. saligna, A. longifolia, Eucalyptus lehmannii and Pinus pinaster, was first expressed in 1941, 2years after its proclamation. Control operations were started by 1943 and were almost totally ineffective for at least the first 35years; no systematic control strategy was implemented, follow-up control work was inadequate to prevent reestablishment of felled thickets and the supervision of control teams was deficient. Linkage of control operations to firewood production was a significant factor in this failure. In 1974 a 10-year control strategy was drawn up and in the late 1970’s began to be effectively implemented. Surveys of 40 plots in the centre of the reserve in 1966, 1976–80 and 1986 showed increasing densities of species other than the easily controlled P. pinaster up to 1976–80. Since then almost all individuals>1,8m in height have been eliminated and indications from smaller height classes are that seed banks are being depleted. Explanations are advanced for the successes and failures experienced during the 47years of control. Some of the side-effects of these invasions and their control are discussed. One conclusion is that this reserve requires a qualified ecologist on its staff

How we see fossils: developments in palaeontological imaging and visualisation techniques

As a student at the University of Glasgow, I remember that there was a book that was heavily thumbed entitled Handbook of Paleontological Techniques by Kummel and Raup (1965). It was an epic volume of technical information ranging from the collecting of material, to their preparation and photography. It mentioned the possibility of the use of X-rays and electron microscopy, the use of infra-red and ultra-violet and how to produce a plate of images for publication. All the techniques mentioned are still used today, although with the advent of digital technologies, the possibilities now available have increased substantially. Although this was not the only technical book available for palaeontologists, it was the one that I consulted frequently when using vibro-tools, airbrasive blasters and chemical preparations. I still use the same techniques, but have been attempting to use new, or improved, techniques inspired from watching TV programmes such as Tomorrow’s World and subsequently the Gadget Show. Although this presentation is not going to be a holistic overview of palaeontological techniques, I hope that it will provide an insight into what is possible now and perhaps a little into the future

New information on the Madagascan Middle Jurassic sauropod Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis

The systematic position of the Middle Jurassic sauropod Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis is not fully understood due to a lack of useful anatomical detail. Despite many new bone fragments from the axial skeleton, post-cranial skeleton, and a hind limb having been previously unearthed, its systematic position has not yet been satisfactorily established. Although this Malagasy taxon is only recognised by two autapomorphies located in the scapula and coracoid, two features of the neural spine, which are reported here, provide additional information on the common autapomorphies shared with the British genus Cetiosaurus. A full description of the femur and neural spine helps to determine some aspects of its relationship to other similar taxa. Remains of Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis have been recovered from mixed facies that may have been deposited in a shallow water lagoon during a transgressive period in the Isallo IIIb subunit in the Majunga Basin

Buoyancy-generated variable-density turbulence

Because of the importance of turbulence mixing in many applications, a number of turbulence mixing models have been proposed for variable- density flows. These engineering models (one- point statistical models) typically include the transport of the turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent energy dissipation rate (i.e., k - {epsilon} models). The model presented by Besnard, Harlow, Rauenzahn and Zemach (1992) (herein referred to as BHRZ) is a one-point model intended to describe variable-density turbulent flows. Transport equations for the Reynolds stress tensor, R{sub ij}, and the turbulent energy dissipation rate, the density-velocity correlation, a{sub i}, and the density-specific volume correlation, b are derived. This model employs- techniques and concepts from incompressible, constant- density turbulence modeling and incorporates ideas from two-phase flow models. Clark and Spitz (1994) present a two-point model for variable-density turbulence. Their derivation is based on transport equations that, are based 0481 on two-point- generalizations of R{sub ij}, a{sub ij}, and b. These equations are Fourier transformed with respect to the separation distance between the two points. Transport equations are derived for R{sub ij}, a{sub i}, b. As in the one-point model, this model contains many ad-hoc assumptions and unknown model coefficients that must be determined by comparison with experimental and numerical data. However, the two-point formalism requires fewer equilibrium assumptions then does a single-point model. Our primary concern in this paper lies in the nonlinear processes of turbulence and the influence of large density variations (not within the Boussinesq limit) on these processes. To. isolate the effects of variable-density on the turbulence we restrict our flow to be incompressible, statistically homogeneous buoyancy-generated. turbulence. To our knowledge there have not been any simulations reported for this problem