Impact of Excess Auditor Remuneration on the Cost of Equity Capital around the World

This study examines the relation between excess auditor remuneration and the implied required rate of return (IRR hereafter) on equity capital in global markets. We conjecture that when auditor remuneration is excessively large, investors may perceive the auditor to be economically bonded to the client, leading to a lack of independence. This perceived lack of independence increases the information risk associated with the credibility of financial statements, thereby increasing IRR. Consistent with this notion, we find that IRR is increasing in excess auditor remuneration, but only in countries with stronger investor protection. Finding evidence of a relation only in stronger investor protection countries is consistent with the more prominent role of audited financial statements for investors' decisions in these countries. In settings in which investors are less likely to rely on audited financial statements and instead rely on alternative sources of information (i.e., in countries with weaker investor protection), the impact of client-auditor bonding should have less of an effect on investors' decisions.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

What Makes Stock Exchanges Succeed? Evidence from Cross-Listing Decisions

Despite the increasing integration of capital markets, geography has not yet become irrelevant to finance. Between 1986 and 1997, European public companies have increasingly listed abroad, especially in the U.S. We relate the cross-listing decisions to the characteristics of the destination exchanges (and countries) relative to those of the home exchange (and country). European companies appear more likely to cross-list in more liquid and larger markets, and in markets where several companies from their industry are already cross-listed. They are also more likely to cross-list in countries with better investor protection, and more efficient courts and bureaucracy, but not with more stringent accounting standards.cross-listings, going public, initial public offerings, geography, stock market competition

Voluntary adoption of non-local GAAP in the European Union: a study of determinants

This study examines the determinants of voluntary adoption of non-local accounting principles for financial reporting (non-local GAAP) by non-financial companies listed and domiciled in the European Union. We restrict ourselves to the two most predominant internationally accepted sets of accounting standards: International Accounting Standards (IAS) and United States generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP). The maintained hypothesis is that firms will switch from local to non-local GAAP if the benefits outweigh the costs. This study provides insight in the characteristics of firms that experience positive net-benefits from non-local GAAP adoption. Considering that mandatory adoption of IAS is envisaged for listed EU companies from 2005 on, the results are of potential interest to EU and national financial reporting regulators.We have used various sources to identify EU companies that use non-local GAAP. The 1999 annual reports of all these companies were examined. We find that 133 non-financial companies in the EU voluntarily adopted non-local GAAP in 1999. This suggests that the net-benefits of using non-local GAAP are positive for only a small minority of EU companies.Companies that do voluntarily use non-local GAAP are more likely to be listed on a US exchange, the EASDAQ exchange in Brussels, and have more geographically dispersed operations. Furthermore, they are more likely to be domiciled in a country with lower quality financial reporting and where IAS is explicitly allowed as an alternative to local GAAP.accounting and auditing ;

Does Collateral Help Mitigate Adverse Selection ? A Cross-Country Analysis

We investigate whether collateral helps to solve adverse selection problems. Theory predicts a negative relationship between presence of collateral and risk premium, as collateral constitutes a signalling instrument for the borrower to be charged with a lower risk premium. However, bankers’ view and most empirical evidence contradict this prediction in accordance with the observed-risk hypothesis. We provide new evidence with loan-level data and country-level data for a sample of 5843 bank loans from 43 countries. We test whether the degree information asymmetries affects the link between the presence of collateral and risk premium. We include five proxies for the degree of information asymmetries, measuring opacity of financial information, trust, and development. We find that a greater degree of information asymmetries reduces the positive relationship between the presence of collateral and the risk premium. This finding provides support for the adverse selection and observed-risk hypotheses, as both hypotheses may be empirically validated depending of the degree of information asymmetries in the country.Collateral; Bank; Asymmetric information; Institutions

Legal protection of investors, corporate governance, and investable premia in emerging markets

We examine the interaction between the legal protection of investors, corporate governance within firms, institutional development between countries, and investable premia in emerging markets. In a multi country setting and using a novel dataset we find that better-governed firms experience significantly greater stock price increases upon equity market liberalization. We look to see whether well-governed firms in poorly governed countries enjoy an investability premium as measured by Tobin’s q. We find they do. Investors look beyond the seemingly weak country-level governance structures, and focus on corporate governance.Investability, Corporate Governance, Tobin's q, Emerging Markets

Evidenciação e desempenho em organizações desportivas: um estudo empírico sobre clubes de futebol

In Brazil several football clubs of centennial tradition cannot manage to accomplish their financial duties. It seems that an overall reform in Brazilian football's business model is urgently needed. When business models are reformed, governance formats must be altered correspondingly. This paper intends to illustrate that corporate transparency may be required from those new business models without clubs being deprived from neither efficiency nor effectiveness. With the help of financial statements data relating to a convenience sample of clubs, disclosure indicators are first defined and measured, and then correlated to some performance indicators. The null hypothesis of no correlation between disclosure and performance was tested via rank correlation. Findings indicate that the more disclosure a club chooses to provide, the better their performance, both in the national championship and in financial terms. It may be suggested that corporate transparency is compatible with modernization and with open governance models for football clubs.No "país do futebol" muitos clubes de tradição não conseguem honrar seus compromissos financeiros. Parece premente a revisão do atual modelo de negócio do futebol brasileiro. Rever modelos de negócio requer, ao mesmo tempo, rever mecanismos de governança. O presente trabalho pretende ilustrar empiricamente que a evidenciação pode fazer parte desses mecanismos de governança sem que a organização desportiva perca eficiência ou eficácia. Para atingir este objetivo foram analisadas as demonstrações contábeis dos clubes de futebol da 1ª divisão do campeonato brasileiro de 2004, mensurando-se o nível de evidenciação e relacionando-o ao desempenho desses clubes. A hipótese de ausência de correlação foi testada não-parametricamente, por meio do coeficiente de correlação ordinal. Os resultados indicaram que os clubes que evidenciam suas demonstrações contábeis em maior grau são essencialmente os mesmos que apresentam melhores resultados no campo e em termos financeiros. Pode-se, então, concluir que a evidenciação é compatível com a modernização e com a abertura da governança em direção aos públicos-alvo do futebol

Legal protection of investors, corporate governance, and investable premia in emerging markets. Department of Economic Finance and Accounting Working Paper Series N229-12

We examine the interaction between the legal protection of investors, corporate governance within firms, institutional development between countries, and investable premia in emerging markets. In a multi country setting and using a novel dataset we find that better-governed firms experience significantly greater stock price increases upon equity market liberalization. We look to see whether well-governed firms in poorly governed countries enjoy an investability premium as measured by Tobin’s q. We find they do. Investors look beyond the seemingly weak country-level governance structures, and focus on corporate governance

Legal protection of investors, corporate governance, and investable premia in emerging markets. Department of Economic Finance and Accounting Working Paper Series N229-12

We examine the interaction between the legal protection of investors, corporate governance within firms, institutional development between countries, and investable premia in emerging markets. In a multi country setting and using a novel dataset we find that better-governed firms experience significantly greater stock price increases upon equity market liberalization. We look to see whether well-governed firms in poorly governed countries enjoy an investability premium as measured by Tobin’s q. We find they do. Investors look beyond the seemingly weak country-level governance structures, and focus on corporate governance

Governance role of auditors and legal environment: Evidence from corporate disclosure transparency

Published in European Accounting Review, 2012, 21 (2), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.599928</p

Índice de transparencia corporativa aplicado al sector microfinanciero

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo la construcción de un Índice de Transparencia Corporativa que pueda ser aplicado en el sector financiero y microfinanciero. La propuesta se realiza tomando como base la metodología de la OCDE que establece las pautas para diseñar y construir índices compuestos, considerando el uso de ponderaciones por dimensión, factor y variable en base al juicio de expertos. El Índice de Transparencia Corporativa propuesto mide el nivel de divulgación de información por internet y cuenta con información estructurada para el sector microfinanciero del Perú a través de seis dimensiones, 17 factores y 60 variables. Estas dimensiones explican el concepto integral de la Transparencia Corporativa y evalúa el nivel de divulgación de información de las organizaciones hacia sus principales grupos de interés. Las seis dimensiones del ITC planteado son: legalidad, información financiera y contable, información comercial, accesibilidad, integridad y credibilidad; las cuales fueron diseñadas tomando como referencia modelos de transparencia corporativa aplicados al sector financiero y validadas con el apoyo de expertos en el sector. La validación de este índice se realizó seleccionando diferentes entidades microfinancieras mediante un muestreo por cuotas, donde se establecieron cinco categorías: cajas municipales de ahorro y crédito, financieras, EDPYMES, cajas rurales y un banco. Se consideró un tamaño de muestra de 16 empresas, cuyos parámetros de selección establecen elegir entidades con el mayor número de colocaciones por categoría, que se encuentran económicamente activas y que mantienen dominio activo en sus páginas web. Los resultados obtenidos muestran a la Financiera Confianza en la posición número uno del ranking, ya que obtuvo 92 puntos porcentuales sobre un total de 100 en el ITC lo que corresponde a un nivel de transparencia muy alto y la EDPYME BBVA Consumer Finance se ubica en la última posición con 26 puntos porcentuales.This research aims to build a Corporate Transparency Index that can be applied in the financial and microfinance sector. The proposal is made based on the OCDE methodology that sets the guidelines for designing and building composite indexes, considering the use of weights by dimension, factor and variable based on expert judgment. The proposed Corporate Transparency Index measures the level of information dissemination on the internet and has structured information for the microfinance sector in Peru through six dimensions, 17 factors and 60 variables. These dimensions explain the comprehensive concept of Corporate Transparency and assess the level of information dissemination of organizations to their main stakeholders. The six dimensions of the ITC proposed are: legality, financial and accounting information, commercial information, accessibility, integrity and credibility; which were designed based on corporate transparency models applied to the financial sector and validated with the support of experts in the sector. The validation of this index was carried out by selecting different microfinance entities through a sampling by quotas, where five categories were established: municipal savings and credit, financial, EDPYMES, rural savings banks and a bank. A sample size of 16 companies was considered, whose selection parameters establish entities with the highest number of placements by category, which are economically active and that maintain active dominance in their web pages. The results obtained show the Financial Trust in the number one position in the ranking, since it obtained 92 percentage points out of a total of 100 in the ITC, which corresponds to a very high level of transparency and the EDPYME BBVA Consumer Finance is located in the Last position with 26 percentage points.Tesi