Penerapan Teknik Mind Mapping Pada Pembelajaran Kosakata Bahasa Jepang Untuk Meningkatkan Penguasaan Senmon Yougo Kepariwisataan

Penguasaan kosakata merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam menunjang kemampuan berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa asing, termasuk bahasa Jepang. Berdasarkan pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh Suseno Ash Shiddiq (2013), yang mengkaji mengenai pembelajaran kanji dan kosakata dengan menggunakan media mind mapping terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan penguasaan kosakata pembelajar, peneliti tertarik untuk mengembangkan penelitian tersebut dengan objek yang berbeda, yaitu mengkaji lebih luas permasalahan yang berhubungan dengan penguasaan kosakata dasar yang diperguanakan di bidang kepariwisataan khususnya pada industry perhotelan yang diperlukan oleh siswa yang mengambil program keahlian Akomodasi Perhotelan di SMK Negeri 1 Pacet sebagai upaya dalam meningktkan kemampuan berkomunikasi.　 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perencanaan pelaksanaan pembelajaran dengan menerapkan teknik mind mapping pada pembelajaran kosakata bahasa Jepang, kemudian mengetahui proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan, serta untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa sebelum diberikan perlakuan dan setelah diberikan perlakuan denga menggunakan teknik tersebut. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu one group pre-test post-test design. Peneliti hanya menggunakan satu kelas penelitian tanpa adanya kelas kontrol untuk diberikan perlakuan (treatment) dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Sampel penelitian ini adalah kelas XII Akomodasi Perhotelan 2 yang berjumlah 30 orang siswa.　 Berdasarkan hasil tes, dapat diketahui perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil pre-test dan hasil post-test. Dalam penelitian ini diketahui nilai rata-rata pre-test adalah 7, 93, sedangkan nilai rata-rata post-test adalah 36,93. Sehingga diperoleh hasil peningkatan dengan selisih 29. Maka dapat disimpulkan, penerapan teknik mind mapping dalam pembelajaran kosakata bahasa Jepang dapat meningkatkan penguasaan senmon yougo kepariwisataan. Keyword: Mind Mapping, Kosakata, Bahasa Jepang, Senmon Yougo, Kepariwisataan Vocabulary is one important aspect in supporting the ability to communicate in a foreign language, including Japanese. Based on the research that has been done by Suseno Siddiq (2013), which examines the learning of kanji and vocabulary using mind mapping media proved to be effective in improving the vocabulary of learners, researchers are interested in developing such research with different objects, which examines the wider issues associated with the basic vocabulary used in the field of tourism, especially in the hospitality industry that students who take courses in hospitality Accommodations of expertise SMK 1 Pacet as an effort in communication skills. This study aims to determine the planning of the implementation of learning by applying the technique of mind mapping on vocabulary learning Japanese, then find out their lessons, and to investigate the learning outcomes of students before and after a given treatment accorded treatment using these techniques. The research design used in this study is one group pre-test post-test design. Researchers using only one class research without control classes to be given treatment (treatment) within a specified period. The sample was a class XII Hotel Accommodation 2 totaling 30 students. Based on the test results, it can be seen that a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results. In this research note the average value of the pre-test were 7, 93, while the average value of the post-test was 36.93. In order to obtain results with an increase in the difference 29. It can be concluded, the application of the mind mapping technique in learning Japanese vocabulary can improve mastery senmon yougo tourism. Keyword: Mind Mapping, Vocabulary, Japanese Lenguage, Senmon Yougo, Toris

The viral content ratio between abdomen and head is informative of the relative efficiency with which Bemisia tabaci populations transmit begomoviruses. [P.12]

Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a circulative non propagative manner. B. tabaci is a species complex composed of at least 24 morphocryptic species which differ in host range, insecticide resistance, endosymbionts and virus transmission. Begomoviruses are supposed to cross the gut barrier at the midgut level and salivary gland barrier in the principal salivary gland (PSG) cells because of the highest virus concentrations in these organs. Thus, the critical steps of the virus circulation in the insect body are (i) the exit of virion from the midgut, (ii) their preservation in the hemocoel and (iii) their entry in the PSG. Thus, we proposed that the efficiency of viral transfer from midgut to PSG may be assessed by measuring the viral content in both compartments and that the deduced viral content ratio may be correlated to viral transmission efficiency by the vector. Our predicition was tested with two invasive B. tabaci species, Middle East-Minor Asia 1 (MEAM1), and Mediterranean (MED), and three begomoviruses: the invasive species Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Mild (TYLCV-Mld), Tomato leaf curl Comoros virus (ToLCKMV), indigenous from Mayotte and R4, a recombinant between TYLCV and ToLCKMV. In a first approach, PSG and midgut were separated by a cross section through the prothorax and viral loads were estimated in both sections by measuring viral DNA using real time PCR. As the midgut of B. tabaci was reported to be sometimes pushed through the diaphragm separating the abdomen and the thorax, the estimation of the viral content ratio between PSG and midgut may be biased by thorax sectioning. The simple cross sectioning was however validated because the ratio determined with such sections and the ratio determined after a careful gut dissection was similar. Using the simple cross section, the viral content ratio between head and abdomen was higher for MEAM1 than for Med for the three begomoviruses. As predicted, the transmission efficiency was higher with MEAM1 than Med Q2 for the three viruses. These results indicate that viral content ratio may be a reliable predictor of the relative transmission efficiency between different B. tabaci populations. Measuring transmission efficiency is time consuming, involves technically difficult experiments with acquisition and inoculation steps and needs specialized cage and containment equipment. However measuring viral content ratios needs only a few cages for the acquisition step, a binocular lens and an access to the commonly used qPCR machines. This approach might be extended to estimate the relative transmission efficiency of other circulative non propagative viruses. (Résumé d'auteur

Plant resistance-driven emergence of recombinant begomoviruses

The analysis of plant virus genomes reveals that many were shaped by recombination. However, the history of the emergence dynamics of these recombinants is mostly unknown as well as the underlying evolutionary forces that drove their frequency increase. The pivotal role of recombination in geminivirus evolution is supported by the detection of numerous recombination events in sequence data, and by their high propensity to recombine. These typical features were observed with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a tomato begomovirus that was extensively studied because of its global economic importance. TYLCV-IS76 is a recombinant TYLCV detected initially in Morocco. It inherited a 76-nt region of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) starting from the origin of replication (OR) towards the V2 gene. Based on field surveys carried out in Morocco and laboratory analysis, a real time emergence of TYLCV-IS76 has been reconstructed from its generation to the displacement of its parental viruses (1). Its emergence coincided with the deployment of Ty-1 resistant tomato cultivars, and a causal link was demonstrated with various competition tests in which positive selection of TYLCV-IS76 was observed in Ty-1 resistant plants (2). TYLCV-IS141 is a TYLCV recombinant detected in Italy (1, 3, 4, 5). It inherited a 141-nt region of TYLCSV between OR and the initiation codon of the V2 gene. TYLCV-IS141 and TYLCV-IS76 exhibit similar recombination profiles and fitness phenotypes in Ty-1 resistant plants. It was inferred from competition tests carried out with various natural and artificially generated TYLCV-IS76 and TYLCV-IS141 clones, that the fitness phenotype of these recombinants was determined by new beneficial intra genomic interaction rather than by a direct effect of specific mutations. Gene silencing is suspected to be involved in the positive selection of these recombinants because Ty-1 is a RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene

Is the assistance of satellite by TYLCV strictly cell autonomous?

Begomoviruses are circular single stranded DNA (css) plant viruses with bipartite (A and B) or monopartite (A-like component) genomes. They are sometimes associated with satellites, cssDNA molecules, namely alphasatellites and betasatellites. Like the B component of bipartite begomoviruses, satellites depend on the A or A-like component for their replication (betasatellite) and encapsidation (alphasatellites and betasatellites). Although Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was only rarely reported with satellites, alphasatellites and betasatellites of various geographic origins are readily assisted by TYLCV in experimental conditions. This result was consistent with the observation that satellite DNA contents were mostly higher than that of TYLCV (Conflon et al., 2018). The ease with which satellites can be assisted with TYLCV was supported further by FISH observations, which showed that the frequency of TYLCV-infected cells that were co-infected with a satellite exceeded 85% for an alphasatellite, and 95% for a betasatellite. Interestingly, a substantial number of cell nuclei were positive only for the satellite, suggesting that the assistance seems to be possible, even with a low amount of TYLCV DNA, and possibly no TYLCV DNA. This later possibility that need to be confirmed with further tests, is according to the “multicellular way of life” theory proposed recently for Faba bean necrotic stunt virus, a multipartite nanovirus with eight separately encapsidated components (Sicard et al.,2019)

Is it possible to be better than wild type TYLCV?

Begomoviruses (Family Geminiviridae) are highly recombinogenic ssDNA viruses. Two begomovirus infectious clones of Tomato yellow leaf curl and Tomato leaf curl Mayotte viruses (Tyx, Tox; 18% nt divergence) were inoculated in 6 tomato plants. Recombinants were isolated from 30 days post inoculation (dpi). At 150 and 330 dpi more than 40% of the isolated genomes were recombinants. Unexpectedly, Tyx the most fit of the two parents tend to be eliminated at 330dpi. The most frequently isolated recombinant (R4) was prepared as an infectious clone and tested for its fitness in coinfection with Tyx and Tox. Its infectivity (% of infected plants) was significantly higher than Tox, the parent with the lowest infectivity, but similar to Tyx. Viral DNA accumulation of R4 was 10 times lower than Tyx, the parent which accumulated the most. It is proposed that complementation between several recombinants may eliminate TYLCV but possibly none of them individually may be better. (Texte intégral

Emergence and reemergence of tomato begomoviruses in the North-East of Morocco

In Morocco, Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (Tylc) has emerged in 1997 [1]. Two begomovirus species causing Tylc were identified, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) [2]. Due to cold winters in North East of Morocco, tomato cannot be grown year round and the populations of the vector Bemisia tabaci are drastically reduced during this season. However, Tylc reemerges every year in the new tomato crops in July and incidences may reach up to 100% in September. The objective of the study was: (i) to assess the relative importance of TYLCV and TYLCSV, (ii) to understand how these viruses are overwintering, and (iii) to estimate the risk of recombinant emergence between TYLCV and TYLCSV. The relative incidence of TYLCV and TYLCSV was estimated with leaf samples collected from 2003 onwards. Among tomato plants exhibiting the typical Tylc symptoms, more than 99% were infected with TYLCV and less than 1% with TYLCSV. Among the weed plants which were detected positive for TYLCV or TYLCSV, 85% were infected with TYLCSV and 15% with TYLCV. The tests of some tomato samples collected in 2001 revealed that shortly after the emergence of Tylc, TYLCSV was detected more frequently, suggesting that TYLCV has partially displaced TYLCSV from tomato. Leaf samples were also collected in winter to detect potential reservoirs of Tylc. TYLCSV was detected on several weeds and on two winter crops, pea and faba bean. However, TYLCV was detected only on the two cultivated hosts and only in mixed infection with TYLCSV. The reemergence of TYLCV in tomato may be due to its overwintering in pea and faba bean. The risk of emergence of TYLCV/TYLCSV recombinants is high, because several plants species were found to be coinfected with these two viruses: tomato, winter crops, and weeds. The risk is increased by the fact that the winter survival of TYLCV, the most damaging virus of tomato, is apparently dependent of its switching to plant species which are the preferred hosts of TYLCSV. We are presently looking for recombinants in field samples of cultivated or weed plants which were detected positive for both TYLCV and TYLCSV. (Résumé d'auteur