MEASURING FAIR AND SUSTAINABLE WELL-BEING FOR ECONOMIC POLICY PLANNING AND EVALUATION

openL'Indice del Benessere Equo e Sostenibile (BES) è un importante strumento di valutazione che va oltre il tradizionale focus sul PIL, valutando l'impatto economico e sociale delle politiche. Esso considera una vasta gamma di indicatori che misurano il benessere delle persone, la qualità dell'ambiente e la sostenibilità a lungo termine. L'implementazione del BES può avere un impatto significativo sulle decisioni politiche ed economiche, promuovendo politiche più inclusive, sostenibili e orientate al benessere delle persone e del pianeta.The Well-being, Equity, and Sustainability Index (BES) is an important evaluation tool that goes beyond the traditional focus on GDP, assessing the economic and social impact of policies. It considers a wide range of indicators that measure people's well-being, environmental quality, and long-term sustainability. The implementation of the BES can have a significant impact on political and economic decisions, promoting more inclusive, sustainable, and people- and planet-centered policies

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field