685 research outputs found
Discrepancy in Grain Size Estimation of HO Ice in the Outer Solar System and the Interstellar Medium
Widespread detection of amorphous and crystalline water (HO) ice in
the outer solar system bodies and the interstellar medium has been confirmed
over the past decades. Radiative transfer models (RTMs) are used to estimate
the grain sizes of HO ice from near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Wide
discrepancies in the estimation of HO ice grain size on the Saturnian
moons (Hansen, 2009), as well as nitrogen (N) and methane (CH)
ices on Kuiper belt objects have been reported owing to different scattering
models used (Emran and Chevrier, 2022). We assess the discrepancy in the grain
size estimation of HO ice at a temperature of 15, 40, 60, and 80 K
(amorphous) and 20, 40, 60, and 80 K (crystalline) - relevant to the outer
solar system and beyond. We compare the single scattering albedos of HO
ice phases using the Mie theory (Mie, 1908) and Hapke approximation models
(Hapke, 1993) from the optical constant at NIR wavelengths (1 - 5 m). This
study reveals that the Hapke approximation models - Hapke slab and internal
scattering model (ISM) - predict grain size of the crystalline phase, overall,
much better compared to the amorphous phase at temperatures of 15 - 80 K.
However, the Hapke slab model estimates much approximate grain sizes, in
general, to that of the Mie model's prediction while ISM exhibits a higher
uncertainty. We recommend using the Mie model for unknown spectra of outer
solar system bodies and beyond in estimating HO ice grain sizes. While
choosing the approximation model for employing RTMs, we recommend using a Hapke
slab approximation model over the internal scattering model.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 table
Out of equilibrium anomalous elastic response of a water nano-meniscus
We report the observation of a transition in the dynamical properties of
water nano-menicus which dramatically change when probed at different time
scales. Using a AFM mode that we name Force Feedback Microscopy, we observe
this change in the simultaneous measurements, at different frequencies, of the
stiffness G'(N/m), the dissipative coefficient G''(kg/sec) together with the
static force. At low frequency we observe a negative stiffness as expected for
capillary forces. As the measuring time approaches the microsecond, the dynamic
response exhibits a transition toward a very large positive stiffness. When
evaporation and condensation gradually lose efficiency, the contact line
progressively becomes immobile. This transition is essentially controlled by
variations of Laplace pressure
Multi-state and non-volatile control of graphene conductivity with surface electric fields
Planar electrodes patterned on a ferroelectric substrate are shown to provide
lateral control of the conductive state of a two-terminal graphene stripe. A
multi-level and on-demand memory control of the graphene resistance state is
demonstrated under low sub-coercive electric fields, with a susceptibility
exceeding by more than two orders of magnitude those reported in a vertical
gating geometry. Our example of reversible and low-power lateral control over
11 memory states in the graphene conductivity illustrates the possibility of
multimemory and multifunctional applications, as top and bottom inputs remain
accessible.Comment: Graphene ferroelectric lateral structure for multi-state and
non-volatile conductivity control, 4 pages, 4 figure
Experimental Investigation into the Radar Anomalies on the Surface of Venus
Radar mapping of thc surface of Venus shows areas of high reflectivity (low emissivity) in the Venusian highlands at altitudes between 2.5-4.75 kilometers. The origin of the radar anomalies found in the Venusian highlands remains unclear. Most explanations of the potential causes for these radar anomalies come from theoretical work. Previous studies suggest increased surface roughness or materials with higher dielectric constants as well as surface atmospheric interactions. Several possible candidates of high-dielectric materials are tellurium) ferroelectric materials, and lead or bismuth sulfides. While previous studies have been influential in determining possible sources for the Venus anomalies, only a very few hypotheses have been verified via experimentation. This work intends to experimentally constrain the source of the radar anomalies on Venus. This study proposes to investigate four possible materials that could potentially cause the high reflectivities on the surface of Venus and tests their behavior under simulated Venusian conditions
Mechanical mode dependence of bolometric back-action in an AFM microlever
Two back action (BA) processes generated by an optical cavity based detection
device can deeply transform the dynamical behavior of an AFM microlever: the
photothermal force or the radiation pressure. Whereas noise damping or
amplifying depends on optical cavity response for radiation pressure BA, we
present experimental results carried out under vacuum and at room temperature
on the photothermal BA process which appears to be more complex. We show for
the first time that it can simultaneously act on two vibration modes in
opposite direction: noise on one mode is amplified whereas it is damped on
another mode. Basic modeling of photothermal BA shows that dynamical effect on
mechanical mode is laser spot position dependent with respect to mode shape.
This analysis accounts for opposite behaviors of different modes as observed
Imaging Electron Wave Functions Inside Open Quantum Rings
Combining Scanning Gate Microscopy (SGM) experiments and simulations, we
demonstrate low temperature imaging of electron probability density
in embedded mesoscopic quantum rings (QRs). The tip-induced
conductance modulations share the same temperature dependence as the
Aharonov-Bohm effect, indicating that they originate from electron wavefunction
interferences. Simulations of both and SGM conductance maps
reproduce the main experimental observations and link fringes in SGM images to
.Comment: new titl
New high level application software for the control of the SPS-LEP beam transfer lines
New high level application software is being developed for the control of the SPS and LEP Transfer Lines. This paper briefly describes the model for the operation of these Transfer Lines, which is largely based on previous experience gained during the development and upgrades of the SPS and LEP control systems. The software system is then presented, followed by a description of the high level applications for the control room operators. Tools and methods used for the design and implementation of the system are mentioned
Casimir-Polder force between an atom and a dielectric plate: thermodynamics and experiment
The low-temperature behavior of the Casimir-Polder free energy and entropy
for an atom near a dielectric plate are found on the basis of the Lifshitz
theory. The obtained results are shown to be thermodynamically consistent if
the dc conductivity of the plate material is disregarded. With inclusion of dc
conductivity, both the standard Lifshitz theory (for all dielectrics) and its
generalization taking into account screening effects (for a wide range of
dielectrics) violate the Nernst heat theorem. The inclusion of the screening
effects is also shown to be inconsistent with experimental data of Casimir
force measurements. The physical reasons for this inconsistency are elucidated.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure; improved discussion; to appear in J. Phys. A:
Math. Theor. (Fast Track Communications
- …