Global yields, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction

Clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum) extracts were obtained with supercritical CO2. Clove basil was cultivated using 0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/m(2) of organic fertilizer and was harvested in four seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn, in the Southern Hemisphere. The extracts' global yields were determined at 40C and 150 bar for samples from all cultivation conditions and harvesting seasons. For selected samples, the extracts' global yields at 40C were determined for pressures of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 bar. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Antioxidant activity (AA) was assessed using the coupled reaction of beta-caroteneand linolenic acid. The extracts' global yields varied from 0.91 to 1.79% (dry basis), and the AAs varied from 62 to 84% compared with the control beta-carotene. Eugenol and beta-selinene were the major compounds. The relative proportion of eugenol varied from 35 to 60%, while the content of beta-selinene remained approximately constant (11.5-14.1%, area). The other substances quantified in the extracts were 1,8 cineole, trans-caryophyllene and alpha-selinene.29554755

Biomass production and chemical composition of Lippia alba (Mill.) NEBr. ex Britt & Wilson in leaves on different plant parts in different seasons

Lippia alba, family Verbenaceae, is widely spread in Central and South American. It's a shurb with a quadrangular branch reaching 1,7m tall. The leaves are membranaceous, petiolate, pubescent with a strong flavor. It's limbs have variable forms with pointed apex, cuneiform or decumbent base, and serrated or crenated hordes. It was determined the best harvest season to biomass production, essential oil content and chemical composition, on different plant parts (apical, medium, basal). It has been observed that, both apical and medium parts represented around 80 % of the fresh leaf mass. The foliar biomass yields are about 5 ton/ha in four harvests during an year. The average yield of essential oil considering the three plant parts were 0.15%, 0.47%, 0.46%, 0.55% and 0.61% for summer/98, autumn/98, winter/98, spring/98 and summer/99, respectively. Essential oils showed similar chemical composition either in relation to seasonality, neral, geranial and t-cariofilene were the majority compounds

Effect of substrata on the development of stem cuttings of Lippia alba (Mill.) NEBR. - Limonene-carvone chemotype

Studies were conducted to show the effect of different substrata on the development of stem cuttings of Lippia alba made of limonene-carvone chemotype. The experiment was done in the College of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil in 2000. The cuttings were planted in polystyrene trays consisting of 72 cells. The cuttings had about 0.20 m of length and were put in the following substrata:Fine sand (T1), commercial substratum (T2), carbonised rice peel and local soil (T3), local soil, cow manure and carbonised rice peel (T4), vermiculite (T5), and carbonised rice peel (T6). After 40 days the development of stem cuttings were evaluated. High rate of rooting of stem cuttings was verified, with average of 95 10 and no significant difference between the treatments. In relation to dry mass of aerial parts and dry mass of roots, significant differences were found. For dry mass production of aerial parts the commercial substratum (T2) and the local soil, cow manure, carbonised rice peel (T4) were optimal. For mass of roots the local soil, cow manure, carbonised rice peel (T4) proved to be the best

Influence of organic fertilisation on leaves and essential oil production of Ocimum gratissimuim L.

The experiment was installed in Lageado Experimental Farm with aim to verify the influence of organic fertilisation (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg of manure/m(2) - with four replications) on leaves and essential oil production of Ocimum gratissimum. The harvesting was done twice (May - autumn and August - winter), and the leaves were separated for extraction of essential oil by Clevenger apparatus. The leaf production and oil content were calculated on dry mass basis. The results showed no statistical difference for organic fertilisation, although significant difference was verified for seasons. The main constituents of essential oil were eugenol and 1,8- cineole. The amount of the eugenol was higher in autumn, while the presence of other components including 1,8-cineole, beta-selinene and trans-caryophyllene were more dominant at wintertime

Teor, rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial de manjericão sob doses de cama de frango Content, yield and chemical composition of the essential basil oil under chicken manure levels

Óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) com alta concentração de linalol é valorizado no mercado internacional e amplamente usado nas indústrias de condimentos e cosméticos. Há poucas informações a respeito do cultivo de manjericão e, portanto o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o teor, o rendimento e a qualidade de óleo essencial de genótipos de manjericão em função de níveis de adubação orgânica com cama de frango nas condições de inverno sob irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Glória, pertencente à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Foram testados cinco níveis de adubação, sendo 2; 4; 6; 8 e 10 kg de cama de frango por m². O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro repetições. Foram semeados os genótipos Manjericão PI 197442-S3 (G1) e Manjericão NSL 6421-S3 (G2). O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilações com aparelho tipo Clevenger modificado. Avaliou-se a altura da planta; comprimento e largura de folha; relação comprimento/largura (C/L); teor e rendimento de óleo essencial, e teor de linalol no óleo essencial extraído de folhas e inflorescências frescas e secas. As doses de adubo influenciaram significativamente o teor de linalol do óleo essencial destilado a partir de parte aérea fresca e seca dos genótipos 1 e 2. As outras variáveis não apresentaram diferenças significativas.<br>Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), essential oil with high linalool content, is appreciated in the international market and widely used in spice and cosmetics industries. There are few informations available for basil cultivation, and therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the content, yield and quality of the essential oil of basil genotypes depending on organic fertilizer levels in the winter and using irrigation. The experiment was carried out in the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Five fertilizer levels were evaluated: 2; 4; 6; 8 and 10 kg of chicken manure per m². A completely randomized blocks design in factorial scheme was used with four replications. Two basil genotypes were sown: PI 197442-S3 (G1) and NSL 6421-S3 (G2). Hydrodistillation with a modified Clevenger was realized for essential oil extraction. We evaluated the plant height; length and width of leaves; length/width relation (C/L); content and yield of essential oil; and linalool content in the essential oil extracted from fresh and dry leaves and flowers. The chicken manure levels had significantly influenced the linalool content in the distilled essential oil from fresh and dry leaves and flowers of both genotypes. The other variables did not present significant difference

Produção de biomassa e óleo essencial de elixir-paregórico em função do corte das inflorescências e épocas de colheita Biomass and essential oil production of Ocimum selloi as affected by cutting of inflorescences and harvest times

Avaliou-se a produção de biomassa e óleo essencial de plantas de elixir-paregórico (Ocimum selloi), em função do corte das inflorescências e épocas de colheita. O experimento foi realizado em campo, em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos dispostos em fatorial 2 x 8, sendo dois sistemas de manejo (com e sem corte de inflorescências) e oito épocas de colheita (45; 60; 75; 90; 105; 120; 135 e 150 dias após o transplante das mudas), com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se as características altura de planta, massa seca de caule (MSC), folhas (MSF) e inflorescências (MSI) e teor e rendimento de óleo essencial destilado de folhas. O corte das inflorescências não afetou a altura das plantas. Plantas intactas apresentaram uma média de altura de 51,8 cm, enquanto aquelas que tiveram suas inflorescências cortadas atingiram em média 53,2 cm de altura. O crescimento das plantas apresentou resposta quadrática em relação às épocas de colheita, com a altura máxima estimada de 65,9 cm, 139 dias após o transplante (DAT). As plantas cujas inflorescências foram cortadas produziram maior MSC (51,8 g planta-1) e MSF (27,9 g planta-1), em relação às plantas sem corte (MSC = 42,4; MSF = 21,3 g planta-1) e, assim como MSI, apresentaram ajuste quadrático para os dois sistemas de manejo, ao longo das épocas de colheita. O teor de óleo essencial das folhas não foi afetado pelo sistema de manejo, mas apresentou resposta quadrática às épocas de colheita. Entretanto, o rendimento médio de óleo essencial das folhas das plantas cuja inflorescência foi cortada foi significativamente maior (1,60 g planta-1) do que nas plantas que não sofreram o corte (1,18 g planta-1). Para as plantas que tiveram as suas inflorescências cortadas, o rendimento de óleo máximo estimado foi de 2,36 g planta-1, obtido 135 DAT, enquanto nas plantas que não foram cortadas o rendimento de óleo máximo estimado foi de 1,65 g planta-1, obtido 114 DAP.<br>Biomass and essential oil production of Ocimum selloi were evaluated, as a result of cutting of inflorescences and harvest times. The experiment was conducted in the field, in randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a 2 x 8 factorial scheme, corresponding to two management systems (with and without inflorescence cutting) and eight harvest dates (45; 60; 75; 90; 105; 120; 135, and 150 days after seedling transplant), with four replications. Plant height and stems (SDW), leaves (LDW), and inflorescences dry weight (IDW), as well as essential oil content and yield were evaluated. Inflorescence cutting did not interfere with plant height. Intact plants were 51.8 cm tall in average, while those in which inflorescences were cut reached 53.2 cm as average height. Harvest times induced a quadratic plant growth, with the estimate of 65.9 cm as maximum height, to be achieved 139 days after the transplant (DAT). Plants in which inflorescences were cut produced larger SDW (51.8 g plant-1) and LDW (27.9 g plant-1) than intact plants (SDW = 42.4; LDW = 21.3 g plant-1) and, like IDW, SDW and LDW presented quadratic adjustment for the two management systems during the harvesting period. Essential oil content of dry leaves was not affected by management systems, but presented a quadratic answer to harvest times. Nevertheless, the average essential oil yield in plants in which inflorescences were cut was significantly higher (1.60 g plant-1) than in intact plants (1.18 g plant-1). Maximum essential oil yield estimated for plants in which inflorescences were cut was 2.36 g plant-1, to be obtained 135 DAT, while in intact plants, it was estimated to be 1.65 g plant-1, to be reached at 114 DAP

Teor e composição química do óleo essencial de alpínia em razão da adubação e da disponibilidade de água no solo

A influência de diferentes adubos e disponibilidade de água no solo foi avaliada em relação ao teor e à composição química de óleos essenciais em folhas de alpínia. O experimento foi realizado em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas corresponderam a dois limites de disponibilidade de água no solo [LDA1 - redução de 75% da capacidade total de retenção de água (CTA) - e LDA2 - redução de 50% da CTA], e as subparcelas, aos adubos: esterco bovino, cama-de-galinha, torta-de-filtro, químico e o controle não-adubado. A disponibilidade de água no solo, assim como a adubação, não influenciou no teor e na composição química de óleos essenciais aos 12 meses após o plantio. Os principais constituintes químicos (teores) dos óleos essenciais em folhas de alpínia foram: α-thujeno (6,11%), α-pineno (2,69%), sabineno (16,69%), β-pineno (4,64%), β-mirceno (1,76%), 1,8-cineol (19,41%) e 1-terpinen-4-ol (14,32%)

Adubação orgânica na produção, rendimento e composição do óleo essencial da alfavaca quimiotipo eugenol Organic fertilization in the production, yield and chemical composition of basil chemotype eugenol

Este trabalho foi realizado na UFPR, município de Pinhais-PR, de outubro de 2005 a junho de 2006. Avaliou-se a resposta do Ocimum gratissimum à adubação orgânica com composto de esterco de carneiro, verificando a viabilidade dessa prática para o aumento no rendimento de biomassa, na quantidade e qualidade de seu óleo essencial. As mudas foram plantadas com espaçamento de 0,5 m entre plantas dentro das parcelas e 1 m entre as parcelas. Testaram-se 3 doses de adubação com composto orgânico (4; 8 e 12 kg m-2) e uma testemunha, com 5 repetições e 8 plantas por parcela. As colheitas foram realizadas aos 150 e 226 dias após o plantio, sendo avaliado o rendimento de massa fresca e massa seca total e de folhas, flores e caule, o teor de óleo essencial das folhas e flores e a sua composição por cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a um detector de massas (CG-MS). Houve diferença entre os tratamentos, quanto ao rendimento de biomassa na primeira colheita, onde o tratamento com 8 kg m-2 de composto orgânico foi superior à testemunha sem adubação, para a massa fresca de flores por planta e massa seca total e de flores por planta, mas não diferiu dos outros níveis de adubação. Na segunda colheita não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. Quanto ao rendimento de óleo essencial não houve diferença entre os tratamentos nas duas colheitas. Também não foram observadas grandes variações nos componentes do óleo essencial decorrente dos tratamentos aplicados. Entretanto, ocorreram variações na composição do óleo essencial quando extraído das folhas e das flores, sendo o teor médio de eugenol de 90,4% nas folhas e 80,8% nas flores, na colheita em março. Já na colheita em junho, houve uma redução do teor de eugenol nas folhas e uma elevação dos teores, principalmente de alfa trans trans farneseno, beta bisaboleno, beta cariofileno, germacrene D e alfa selineno.<br>This work was carried out at the Universidade Federal do Parana, Paraná State, Brazil, from October 2005 to June 2006. The effect of organic fertilization with sheep manure was evaluated on Ocimum gratissimum development and the viability of this practice was determined to increase biomass and essential oil yield and quality. The plants were spaced 0.5 m from each other in the experimental units which were separated in 1 m. Three rates of organic fertlization (4; 8 and 12 kg m-2) were compared to control (without fertilizers), with 5 replications and 8 plants by experimental unit. Plants were harvested 150 and 226 days after planting, and the total, leaves, flowers and stems fresh and dried biomass, essential oil yield from leaves and flowers and composition by GC/MS beign evaluated. There was significant difference among the treatments on biomass production at the first harvest, where the plants treated with 8 kg m-2 of organic fertilizer presented higher flowers fresh biomass, and flowers and total dry biomass than plants without fertilizer (control plants), but with no difference compared to other organic fertilization levels. At the second harvest there were no differences among treatments. Regarding the essential oil yield no differences were found comparing the organic fertilization levels in both harvest times. In addition, the essential oil composition was similar on plants from all treatments. However, some variations in composition were observed when the essential oil was extracted from flowers and leaves, where the eugenol percentage was 90.4% on leaves and 80.8% on flowers at the first harvest. At the second harvest, a reduction of eugenol content and an increase of alpha trans trans farnesene, beta bisabolene, beta cariophilene, germacrene D and alfa selineno was found