LANGUAGE, ITS’ NATURE, AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONS, SPEECH IS THE VERBAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (E.L.T)

“Language†the word plays very deep and extraordinary meaning since the birth of human being. Since human get notion and action he did not know they can speak and this feature is given by god that we believe in philosophy or in religious manner but, if we believe it as scientific manner also. Language played very great role since the born of homosapians on planet Earth. This feature or power only have human beings only on planet earth whether you look animals or mammals or other human revolutionary species they are not able to speak no doubt! They have voice but they don’t talk like us like we talk. They have their own specific language but we don’t understand it and they don’t understand our language. They barking but we can’t hear a chaste voice like we human speak during the conversation. That’s why it is known as god gifted power, human physical ability or scientific process of air. Human beings are that’s why different from the animals and due to this feature human and animals belongs to different categories

Comparison of ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for IRS-P40CM sensor using in-situ data

In-situ chlorophyll concentration data and remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) measurements collected in -six different ship campaigns in the Arabian Sea were used to evaluate the accuracy, precision, and suitability of different ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for the Arabian Sea. The bio-optical data sets represent the typical range of biooptical conditions expected in this region and are composed of 47 stations encompassing chlorophyll concentration, between 0.072 and 5.90 mg m -3, with 43 observations in case I water and 4 observations in case I1 water. Six empirical chlorophyll algorithms [i.e. Aiken-C, POLDER-C, OCTS-C, Morel-3, Oceaa Chlorophyll-2 (OC2) and Ocean Chlorophyll-4 (OC4)] were selected for analysis on the Arabian Sea data set. Numerous statistical and graphical criterions were used to evaluate the performance of these algorithms. Among these six chlorophyll algorithms two chlorophyll algorithms (i.e. OC2 and OC4) performed well in the case I waters of the Arabian Sea. The OC2 algorithm, a modified cubic polynomial function which uses ratio of Rrs490 nm and Rrs555 nm (where, Rrs is remote sensing reflectance), performed well with r2=0.85; rms =0.15. The OC4 algorithm, a four-band (443, 490,510, 555 nm), maximum band ratio formulation was found best on the basis of statistical analysis results with r2=0.85 and rms=0.14. Both OC2 and OC4 algorithms failed to estimate chloróphyll in Trichodesmium dominated waters. The OC2 algorithm was preferred over OC4 algorithm for routine processing of the OCM data to generate chlorophyll-a images, as it uses a band ratio of 490/555 nm and atmospheric correction is more accurate in 490 nm compared to 443 nm band, which is used by OC4 algorithm

On the Critical Role of Ferroelectric Thickness for Negative Capacitance Device-Circuit Interaction

This paper demonstrates the critical role that Ferroelectric (FE) layer thickness (tFE) plays in Negative Capacitance (NC) transistors connecting device and circuit levels together. The study is done through fully-calibrated TCAD simulations for a 14nm FDSOI technology node, exploring the impact of tFE on the figures of merit of n-type and p-type devices, voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) and noise margin of inverter as well as the speed of buffer circuits. First, we analyze the device electrical parameters (e.g., ION, SS, ION/IOFF and Cgg) by varying tFE up to the maximum level at which hysteresis in the I-V characteristic starts. Then, we analyze the deleterious impact of Negative Differential Resistance (NDR), due to the drain to gate coupling, demonstrating how it imposes an additional constraint limiting the maximum tFE. We show the consequences of NDR effects on the VTC and noise margin of inverter, which are essential components for constructing robust clock trees in any chip. We demonstrate how the considerable increase in the gate’s capacitance due to FE seriously degrades the circuit’s performance imposing further constraints limiting the maximum tFE. Further, we analyze the impact of tFE on the SRAM cell static performance metrics such hold noise margin (HNM), read noise margin (RNM) and write noise margin (WNM) at supply voltages of 0.7V and 0.4V. We demonstrate that the HNM and RNM in a NC-FDSOI FET based SRAM cell are higher then those of the baseline FDSOI FET based SRAM cell noise margin and further increase with tFE. However, the WNM in general follows a non monotonic trend w.r.t tFE, and the trend also depends on the supply voltage. Finally, we optimize the design of the SRAM cell considering overall performance metrics. All in all, our analysis provides guidance for device and circuit designers to select the optimal FE thickness for NCFETs in which hysteresis-free operations, reliability, and performance are optimized

Detection and monitoring of Trichodesmium blooms in the coastal waters off Saurashtra coast, India using IRS-P4 OCM data

Trichodesmium blooms have been observed in the coastal waters off Saurashtra coast, Gujarat, India using Indian Remote Sensing satellite IRS-P4 Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) data. Bloom-forming features were identified using false colour composites of channels 8, 6 and 5 (865, 670, 555 nm). Several bloom features of Trichodesmium like spiral eddies, stripes, slicks and parallel bands were detected in satellite images during 29 April to 7 May 2002. A strong backscattering signal was observed in the near-infrared band of OCM data, indicating the surface manifestation of Trichodesmium bloom. The chlorophyll images have been analyzed during the bloom period; overestimation of pigments has been observed and the bloom patches appear darker. Subramaniam’s protocol for Trichodesmium bloom study has been evaluated utilizing IRS-P4 OCM data for the waters off Saurashtra coast and appeared to be relevant in detection by ocean color remote sensing. The in situ information confirmed the presence of the bloom as coastal waters turned dark brown in color with an appearance of sawdust spray

Tolerance to post-emergence herbicide Imazethapyr in chickpea

The present research work aimed at identification of sources of tolerance to herbicide Imazethapyr for their possible utilization in development of herbicide tolerant chickpea. Sixty five genotypes (55 desi and 10 kabuli) screened included accessions from ICRISAT core collection, advanced breeding lines and cultivars. The herbicide tolerance score ranged from 1.9 to 5.0. Nine tolerant to moderately tolerant and three susceptible genotypes were further evaluated under control and sprayed condition. Genotype x environment interactions were observed for days to 50% flowering, NDVI, days to maturity, seed yield, biomass, harvest index, 100-seed weight and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) viz., valine, leucine and isoleucine content. Highly significant reduction in seed yield was observed in all the genotypes except ICCV 10, ICCL 82104 and ICC 1710 as revealed by pairwise comparison of means using Tukey's test. The spraying of herbicide reduced the total biomass production. Analysis of BCAA content in sample revealed non-significant differences for percent valine content in ICCIL 04001, ICCV 00305, ICCV 96003 and ICCL 82104, for isoleucine content in all the genotypes except, ICCV 3 and ICCV 96003 and for leucine content in case of ICCV 03407, ICCIL 04001, ICCV 10, ICCV 96003, ICC 1710, ICCV 00108 and ICCL 82104. The genotypes tolerant to post-emergence herbicide Imazethapyr identified based on non-significant reduction in the yield attributes and BCAA content in the sample were ICC 82104, ICCV 10, ICCV 96003, ICC 00305 and ICC 1710. These genotypes can be used to study the genetics of herbicide tolerance in chickpea and in breeding programs for developing lines with tolerance to post-emergence herbicide Imazethapyr

No association of TNFRSF1B variants with type 2 diabetes in Indians of Indo-European origin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>There has been no systematic evaluation of the association between genetic variants of type 2 receptor for TNFα (TNFR2) and type 2 diabetes, despite strong biological evidence for the role of this receptor in the pathogenesis of this complex disorder. In view of this, we performed a comprehensive association analysis of <it>TNFRSF1B </it>variants with type 2 diabetes in 4,200 Indo-European subjects from North India.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The initial phase evaluated association of seven SNPs viz. rs652625, rs496888, rs6697733, rs945439, rs235249, rs17883432 and rs17884213 with type 2 diabetes in 2,115 participants (1,073 type 2 diabetes patients and 1,042 control subjects). Further, we conducted replication analysis of three associated SNPs in 2,085 subjects (1,047 type 2 diabetes patients and 1,038 control subjects).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We observed nominal association of rs945439, rs235249 and rs17884213 with type 2 diabetes (<it>P </it>< 0.05) in the initial phase. Haplotype CC of rs945439 and rs235249 conferred increased susceptibility for type 2 diabetes [OR = 1.19 (95%CI 1.03-1.37), <it>P </it>= 0.019/<it>P</it>_perm= 0.076] whereas, TG haplotype of rs235249 and rs17884213 provided protection against type 2 diabetes [OR = 0.83 (95%CI 0.72-0.95, <it>P </it>= 7.2 × 10^-3/<it>P</it>_perm= 0.019]. We also observed suggestive association of rs496888 with plasma hsCRP levels [<it>P </it>= 0.042]. However, the association of rs945439, rs235249 and rs17884213 with type 2 diabetes was not replicated in the second study population. Meta-analysis of the two studies also failed to detect any association with type 2 diabetes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our two-stage association analysis suggests that <it>TNFRSF1B </it>variants are not the determinants of genetic risk of type 2 diabetes in North Indians.</p

Common Variants in CRP and LEPR Influence High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in North Indians

BACKGROUND: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels are shown to be influenced by genetic variants in Europeans; however, little is explored in Indian population. METHODS: Herein, we comprehensively evaluated association of all previously reported genetic determinants of hsCRP levels, including 18 cis (proximal to CRP gene) and 73 trans-acting (distal to CRP gene) variants in 4,200 North Indians of Indo-European ethnicity. First, we evaluated association of 91 variants from 12 candidate loci with hsCRP levels in 2,115 North Indians (1,042 non-diabetic subjects and 1,073 patients with type 2 diabetes). Then, cis and trans-acting variants contributing maximally to hsCRP level variation were further replicated in an independent 2,085 North Indians (1,047 patients with type 2 diabetes and 1,038 non-diabetic subjects). RESULTS: We found association of 12 variants from CRP, LEPR, IL1A, IL6, and IL6R with hsCRP levels in non-diabetic subjects. However, only rs3093059-CRP [β = 0.33, P = 9.6×10⁻⁵] and the haplotype harboring rs3093059 risk allele [β = 0.32 µg/mL, P = 1.4×10⁻⁴/P(perm) = 9.0×10⁻⁴] retained significance after correcting for multiple testing. The cis-acting variant rs3093059-CRP had maximum contribution to the variance in hsCRP levels (1.14%). Among, trans-acting variants, rs1892534-LEPR was observed to contribute maximally to hsCRP level variance (0.59%). Associations of rs3093059-CRP and rs1892534-LEPR were confirmed by replication and attained higher significance after meta-analysis [β(meta) = 0.26/0.22; P(meta) = 4.3×10⁻⁷/7.4×10⁻³ and β(meta) = -0.15/-0.12; P(meta) = 2.0×10⁻⁶/1.6×10⁻⁶ for rs3093059 and rs1892534, respectively in non-diabetic subjects and all subjects taken together]. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we identified rs3093059 in CRP and rs1892534 in LEPR as major cis and trans-acting contributor respectively, to the variance in hsCRP levels in North Indian population

Bryostatin Modulates Latent HIV-1 Infection via PKC and AMPK Signaling but Inhibits Acute Infection in a Receptor Independent Manner

HIV's ability to establish long-lived latent infection is mainly due to transcriptional silencing in resting memory T lymphocytes and other non dividing cells including monocytes. Despite an undetectable viral load in patients treated with potent antiretrovirals, current therapy is unable to purge the virus from these latent reservoirs. In order to broaden the inhibitory range and effectiveness of current antiretrovirals, the potential of bryostatin was investigated as an HIV inhibitor and latent activator. Bryostatin revealed antiviral activity against R5- and X4-tropic viruses in receptor independent and partly via transient decrease in CD4/CXCR4 expression. Further, bryostatin at low nanomolar concentrations robustly reactivated latent viral infection in monocytic and lymphocytic cells via activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) -α and -δ, because PKC inhibitors rottlerin and GF109203X abrogated the bryostatin effect. Bryostatin specifically modulated novel PKC (nPKC) involving stress induced AMP Kinase (AMPK) inasmuch as an inhibitor of AMPK, compound C partially ablated the viral reactivation effect. Above all, bryostatin was non-toxic in vitro and was unable to provoke T-cell activation. The dual role of bryostatin on HIV life cycle may be a beneficial adjunct to the treatment of HIV especially by purging latent virus from different cellular reservoirs such as brain and lymphoid organs