Aerosols from biomass burning over the tropical South Atlantic region: Distributions and impacts

The NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry Near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE A) expedition was conducted September 21 through October 26, 1992, to investigate factors responsible for creating the seasonal South Atlantic tropospheric ozone maximum. During these flights, fine aerosol (0.1-3.0 μm) number densities were observed to be enhanced roughly tenfold over remote regions of the tropical South Atlantic and greater over adjacent continental areas, relative to northern hemisphere observations and to measurements recorded in the same area during Ac wet season. Chemical and meteorological analyses as well as visual observations indicate that the primary source of these enhancements was biomass burning occurring within grassland regions of north central Brazil and southeastern Africa. These fires exhibited fine aerosol (N) emission ratios relative to CO (dN/dCO) of 22.5 ± 9.7 and 23.6 ± 15.1 cm-3 parts per billion by volume (ppbv)-1 over Brazil and Africa, respectively. Convection coupled with counterclockwise flow around the South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone subsequently distributed these aerosols throughout the remote South Atlantic troposphere. We calculate that dilute smoke from biomass burning produced an average tenfold enhancement in optical depth over the continental regions as well as a 50% increase in this parameter over the middle South Atlantic Ocean; these changes correspond to an estimated net cooling of up to 25 W m-2 and 2.4 W m-2 during clear-sky conditions over savannas and ocean respectively. Over the ocean our analyses suggest that modification of CCN concentrations within the persistent eastern Atlantic marine stratocumulus clouds by entrainment of subsiding haze layers could significantly increase cloud albedo resulting in an additional surface radiative cooling potentially greater in magnitude than that caused by direct extinction of solar radiation by the aerosol particles themselves

ANALISIS KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR PERIKANAN TERHADAP PDRB DAN PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA DI KOTA BITUNG

ABSTRAKKekayaan alam yang melimpah pada sektor sumberdaya laut lazimnya memberi dampak yang positif bagi masyarakat pesisir khususnya yang berprofesi sebagai nelayan di Kota Bitung. Sumberdaya perikanan sebenarnya secara potensial dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup dan kesejahteraan nelayan. Salah satu kebijakan pengembangan sektor pertanian yang diambil oleh Pemerintah Daerah Kota Bitung ialah melalui pengembangan sektor pertanian dalam arti luas yaitu dengan pengembangan sub sektor perikanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kontribusi sektor perikanan terhadap perekonomian dan seberapa besar penyerapan tenaga kerja sektor perikanan di Kota Bitung. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah perkembangan sub sektor perikanan Kota Bitung kurun waktu 2012 hingga 2017 mengalami fluktuasi. Kontribusi sub sektor perikanan terhadap total PDRB Kota Bitung cenderung fluktuatif namun tidak ada kenaikan atau penurunan yang signifikan berkisar di angka 13.92 % sampai 15.29%. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan koefisien LQ sebesar 1.46-3.5 ada 3 sektor yang menjadi keuggula Kota Bitung yaitu sektor industri pengelolaan dan sektor pengadaan air, pengelohan sampah, limbah, dan daur ulang serta sektor transportasi dan pergudangan. Penyerapan tenaga kerja sub sektor perikanan Kota Bitung mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan dan memiliki kecenderungan naik yang berarti pertumbuhan PDRB sub sektor perikanan mampu membuka lapangan pekerjaan baru di Kota Bitung. Kata Kunci: sub sektor perikanan, penyerapan tenaga kerja, produk domestic regional bruto ABSTRACTThe abundant natural wealth in the marine resources sector usually has a positive impact on coastal communities, especially those who work as fishermen in the city of Bitung. Fisheries resources can actually be utilized to improve the standard of living and welfare of fishermen. One of the agricultural sector development policies taken by the Regional Government of Bitung City is through the development of the agricultural sector in the broad sense, namely the development of the fisheries sub-sector. The purpose of this study is to find out how much the fisheries sector contributes to the economy and how much absorption of the fisheries sector in Bitung City. The data analysis method used is quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the research obtained are the development of the Bitung City fisheries sub-sector in the period of 2012 to 2017 experiencing fluctuations. The contribution of the fisheries sub-sector to the total GRDP of Bitung City tends to fluctuate but there is no significant increase or decrease ranging from 13.92% to 15.29%. Based on the calculation of the LQ coefficient of 1.46-3.5 there are 3 sectors which are the mainstay of Bitung City, namely the management sector and the water supply sector, waste management, waste and recycling as well as the transportation and warehousing sector. The absorption of labor in the fisheries sub-sector of Bitung City has increased significantly and has a rising tendency which means that the growth of the GRDP of the fisheries sub-sector is able to open new jobs in the City of Bitung. Keywords: fisheries sub sector, labor absorption, gross regional domestic produc

Progressive Transactional Memory in Time and Space

Transactional memory (TM) allows concurrent processes to organize sequences of operations on shared \emph{data items} into atomic transactions. A transaction may commit, in which case it appears to have executed sequentially or it may \emph{abort}, in which case no data item is updated. The TM programming paradigm emerged as an alternative to conventional fine-grained locking techniques, offering ease of programming and compositionality. Though typically themselves implemented using locks, TMs hide the inherent issues of lock-based synchronization behind a nice transactional programming interface. In this paper, we explore inherent time and space complexity of lock-based TMs, with a focus of the most popular class of \emph{progressive} lock-based TMs. We derive that a progressive TM might enforce a read-only transaction to perform a quadratic (in the number of the data items it reads) number of steps and access a linear number of distinct memory locations, closing the question of inherent cost of \emph{read validation} in TMs. We then show that the total number of \emph{remote memory references} (RMRs) that take place in an execution of a progressive TM in which $n$ concurrent processes perform transactions on a single data item might reach $\Omega(n \log n)$, which appears to be the first RMR complexity lower bound for transactional memory.Comment: Model of Transactional Memory identical with arXiv:1407.6876, arXiv:1502.0272

EFISIENSI DAN EFEKTIVITAS PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH SULAWESI UTARA TAHUN 2012 – 2018

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sejauh mana tingkat efektivitas dan efisiensi keuangan daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yaitu data APBD Provinsi Sulawesi Utara periode anggaran 2012-2018. Untuk menghitung tingkat efektivitas dan efisiensi keuangan serta mengetahui keeratan hubungan antara Realisasi Pendapatan dan Realisasi Pengeluaran Tahun Anggaran 2012-2018 daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah dengan menghitung Rasio Efektivitas dan Rasio Efisiensi Keuangan Daerah serta analisa korelasi (Correlation LM Test).Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, tingkat efisiensi keuangan daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara selama periode 2012-2018 rata-rata adalah sebesar 96,63% atau berada pada tingkat kurang efisien. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah daerah masih belum efisien dalam menggunakan anggarannya. .Sementara itu, nilai rasio efektivitas keuangan daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara periode tahun 2012-2018.mencapai rata-rata sebesar 91,92 per tahun.Dengan demikian berarti tingkat efektivitas pengelolaan keuangan daerah di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara adalah sudah efektif, karena dari hasil perhitungan menunjukkan angka lebih dari 90%. Sehingga keeratan hubungan antara variabel belanja dan variabel pendapatan adalah 0,691 atau 69,10 %, sehingga antara variabel belanja dan variabel pendapatan mempunyai hubungan yang searah.Kata kunci: efektivitas, efisiensi, keuangan daerahABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze the extent of the regional financial effectiveness and efficiency of North Sulawesi Province. The data used are secondary data, namely the North Sulawesi Provincial Budget data for the 2012-2018 budget period. To calculate the level of effectiveness and financial efficiency and to find out the closeness of the relationship between Realization of Revenue and Realization of Expenditures for the 2012-2018 Budget Year in the North Sulawesi Province. The analysis technique used is to calculate the Effectiveness Ratio and the Regional Financial Efficiency Ratio and correlation analysis (Correlation LM Test).The results obtained showed that overall, the level of regional financial efficiency of North Sulawesi Province during the period 2012-2018 was an average of 96.63% or was at a less efficient level. This shows that the local government is still not efficient in using its budget. Meanwhile, the value of the regional financial effectiveness ratio of North Sulawesi Province for the period of 2012-2018 reached an average of 91.92 per year.Thus the level of effectiveness of regional financial management in North Sulawesi Province is already effective, because the results of the calculation show a figure of more than 90%. So that the closeness of the relationship between the shopping variable and the income variable is 0.691 or 69.10%, so that between the expenditure variable and the income variable have a unidirectional relationship. Keywords: effectiveness, efficiency, regional financ

PENGARUH SEKTOR PARIWSATA TERHADAP PDRB PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh sektor pariwisata terhadap PDRB Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Berkembangnya industri pariwisata di suatu Negara atau daerah akan menarik sektor lain untuk berkembang karena produknya atau jasanya diperlukan untuk menunjang industri pariwisata, seperti sektor pertanian, peternakan, dan perkebunan serta ekonomi kerakyatan. Salah satu sektor pembangunan yang dapat memacu pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu wilayah, pariwisata dianggap sebagai suatu sektor strategis untuk mendorong pembangunan pada wilayah-wilayah tertentu yang mempunyai potensi objek wisata. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder sedangkan alat analisis adalah analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa  Jumlah hotel berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Sulawesi Utara, Jumlah hunian kamar hotel  berpengaruh positif dan  signifikan terhadap PDRB Sulawesi Utara. Hal ini berarti semakin tinggi tingkat hunian kamar  maka semakin tinggi pula PDRB Sulawesi Utara, Jumlah wisatawan mancanegara berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Sulawesi Utara . Hal ini berarti jika jumlah wisatawan meningkat  maka PDRB Sulawesi Utara akan meningkat pula. Jumlah hotel, Jumlah hunian kamar hotel  dan Jumlah wisatawan mancanegara berpengaruh positif yaitu mampu meningkatkan PDRB Sulawesi Utara. Kata Kunci : PDRB, Jumlah hotel , Jumlah Hunian Kamar Hotel,  Jumlah wisatawan mancanegara ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of the tourism sector to the GDP of the Province of North Sulawesi. The development of the tourism industry in a Country or region will attract other sectors to develop products or services is required to support the tourism industry, such as agriculture, livestock, and plantation as well as economic democracy. One sector development can spur economic growth of a region, tourism is considered as a strategic sector to encourage development in certain areas that have a potential tourist attraction.  The data used in this study is secondary data while the analysis tool is multiple regression analysis. The results showed that the number of hotels had a positive and significant effect on the GRDP of North Sulawesi, the number of hotel room occupancy had a positive and significant effect on the GRDP of North Sulawesi. This means that the higher the room occupancy rate, the higher the GRDP of North Sulawesi. The number of foreign tourists has a positive and significant impact on the GRDP of North Sulawesi. This means that if the number of tourists increases, the GRDP of North Sulawesi will also increase. The number of hotels, the number of hotel room occupancy and the number of foreign tourists has a positive effect that is able to increase the GRDP of North Sulawesi.Keywords: GRDP, Number of hotels, Number of hotel room occupancy, Number of foreign tourist

ANALISIS DAMPAK PENGEMBANGAN SEKTOR PARIWISATA TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN DAN PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN DI PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

ABSTRAK            Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengembangan sektor pariwisata terhadap perekonomian di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, pengaruh pengembangan sektor pariwisata terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara dan pengaruh perekonomian terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis jalur. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan sektor pariwisata memiliki pengaruh positif dan bersifat signifikan terhadap perekonomian Sulut, Secara statistik pengembangan sektor pariwisata baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui perekonomian Sulut, tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan  dan Koefisien jalur dari perekonomian Sulut terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan bersifat negatif. Hal ini berarti peningkatan perekonomian Sulut bisa memiliki potensi untuk mengurangi jumlah penduduk miskin di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Hanya saja, sangat disayangkan, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan perekonomian Sulut tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan. Hasil analisis data pada persamaan sub struktural 1 dan 2 dalam penelitian ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa, pengembangan sektor pariwisata yang berkembang pesat di Sulawesi Utara hanya berhasil meningkatkan Perekonomian di Sulut secara signifikan, tetapi tidak bisa menanggulangi jumlah penduduk miskin yang ada di Sulut secara signifikan. Kata kunci:    Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata, Perekonomian, Pengentasan Kemiskinan ABSTRCTThe purpose of this research is to find out the effect of the tourism development on the economy in North Sulawesi province, the effect of the tourism development on the poverty alleviation in North Sulawesi province, and the effect of the economy on the poverty alleviation in North Sulawesi province. This research applies Path Analysis Method. The result of the research shows that the tourism development positively and significantly affect the economy of North Sulawesi Province. Statistically, the direct and indirect tourism development through North Sulawesi Province economy, do not significantly affect the poverty alleviation and the path coefficient from North Sulawesi economy on the poverty alleviation remains negative. This proves that the economi in North Sulawesi can potencially reduce poverty. However, it is unfortunately that the research also shows us that the economic of North Sulawesi does not significantly affect the poverty alleviance. The data analysis result on the sub structural 1 and 2 in this research concludes that the tourism's rapid development in North Sulawesi can only raise the economic but fails to reduce the poverts in North Sulawesi significantly. Keywords: Tourism development, economy, poverty alleviation

Investigation of the [1,5]-hydride shift as a route to nitro-Mannich cyclisations

Conditions were found for the [1,5]-hydride shift nitro-Mannich reaction that led to the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydroquinolines. Two simple cyclic amine substrates gave diastereomerically pure rearranged products in 65 and 90% yields by refluxing in HFIP. A more general procedure used Gd(OTf)3 as a catalyst and successfully rearranged other cyclic and acyclic amines in 42–84% yield with diastereomeric ratios of 75:25 to >95:5 in favour of the anti-diastereoisomer (9 examples). Two examples of sulphur containing heterocycles gave lower yields of 9 and 25%. Electron withdrawing substituents were shown to have a deleterious effect on the success of the reaction. The results indicated the limitation of the [1,5]-hydride shift nitro-Mannich reaction with respect to the stability of the intermediate iminium ion

A study of high-energy proton induced damage in Cerium Fluoride in comparison with measurements in Lead Tungstate calorimeter crystals

A Cerium Fluoride crystal produced during early R&D studies for calorimetry at the CERN Large Hadron Collider was exposed to a 24 GeV/c proton fluence Phi_p=(2.78 +- 0.20) x 10EE13 cm-2 and, after one year of measurements tracking its recovery, to a fluence Phi_p=(2.12 +- 0.15) x 10EE14 cm-2. Results on proton-induced damage to the crystal and its spontaneous recovery after both irradiations are presented here, along with some new, complementary data on proton-damage in Lead Tungstate. A comparison with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation results is performed and a qualitative understanding of high-energy damage mechanism is attempted.Comment: Submitted to Elsevier Science on May 6th, 2010; 11 pages, 8 figure

Effect of bilayer coupling on tunneling conductance of double-layer high T_c cuprates

Physical effects of bilayer coupling on the tunneling spectroscopy of high T$_{c}$ cuprates are investigated. The bilayer coupling separates the bonding and antibonding bands and leads to a splitting of the coherence peaks in the tunneling differential conductance. However, the coherence peak of the bonding band is strongly suppressed and broadened by the particle-hole asymmetry in the density of states and finite quasiparticle life-time, and is difficult to resolve by experiments. This gives a qualitative account why the bilayer splitting of the coherence peaks was not clearly observed in tunneling measurements of double-layer high-T$_c$ oxides.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, to be published in PR