System Of Synchronism Between Sugar Cane Harvest Machine And In Field Wagon [sistema De Sincronismo Entre A Colhedora De Cana-de-açúcar E O Veículo De Transbordo]

One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha -1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.282274282BRASILEIRO, A., CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR, D., (2005) Cultura de impacto, pp. 12-13. , Santa Cruz do Sul: Gazeta Santa CruzBRAUNBECK, O.A., MAGALHÃES, P.S.G., Colheita sustentável com aproveitamento integral da cana. (2004) Visão Agrícola, 1 (1), pp. 72-79. , Piracicaba, vCOMPANHIA NACIONAL DE ABASTECIMENTO. Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira (2007) Cana-de-açúcar, primeiro levantamento, , CONAB, safra, Brasília, 12 p. 2008DICK, R.G. Potential losses higher when harvesting green. BSES Bulletin, Austrália, n.15, p.18-10, Jul. 1986DICK, R.G., HILTON, J.D., Sensor and control technology in sugarcane harvesters (1992) Proceedings, pp. 179-186. , AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS CONFERENCE, 14, Mackay, Brisbane: Watson FergusonKROES, S., HARRIS, H.D., The optimum harvester forward speed (1999) Zuckerindustrie, 124 (2), pp. 126-130. , Berlin, vMAGALHÃES, P.S.G., CERRI, D.G.P., Yield monitoring of sugar cane (2007) Biosystems Engineering, 96 (1), pp. 1-6. , London, vMENEGATTI, L.A.A., MOLIN, J.P., GÓES, L.S., KORNDORFER, G.H., SOARES, R.A.B., LIMA, E.A., Benefícios econômicos e agronômicos da adoção da agricultura de precisão em usinas de cana-de-açúcar (2006) CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO, p. 1. , Piracicaba. Anais, CD-ROMNEVES, J.L.M., MAGALHÃES, P.S.G., MORAES, E.E., MARCHI, A.S., Avaliação de perdas invisíveis de cana-de- açúcar nos sistemas da colhedora de cana picada (2003) Engenharia Agrícola, 23 (3), pp. 539-546. , Jaboticabal, vNEVES, J.L.M., MAGALHÃES, P.S.G., OTA, W.M., Sistema de monitoramento de perdas visíveis de cana-de-açúcar em colhedora de cana picada (2004) Engenharia Agrícola, 24 (3), pp. 764-770. , Jaboticabal, vNEVES, J.L.M., MAGALHÃES, P.S.G., MORAES, E.E., ARAÚJO, F.V.M., Avaliação de perdas invisíveis na colheita mecanizada em dois fluxos de massa de cana-de-açúcar (2006) Engenharia Agrícola, 26 (3), pp. 787-794. , Jaboticabal, vRIPOLI, T.C., FURLANI NETO, V.L., NOVA, J., Colheita Mecânica: Perdas de matéria-prima em canaviais com e sem queima prévia. (1996) STAB, 14 (10), pp. 19-24. , Piracicaba, vRIPOLI, T.C.CNERY, M.S.MOLINA, W.FRIPOLI, M.L.C. Operational and economic performance of green cane chopped harvester, in Brazil, In: INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL MEETING ASAE, Sacramento, 2001. St. Joseph: ASAE, 2001. Paper 011003SALVI, J.V., MATOS, M.A., MILAN, M., Avaliação do desempenho de dispositivo de corte de base de colhedora de cana-de-açúcar (2007) Engenharia Agrícola, 27 (1), pp. 201-209. , Jaboticabal,

Behavior Of Ultrasonic Waves In Wood With Presence Of Holes [comportamento De Ondas De Ultrassom Na Presença De Ocos Na Madeira]

This work aimed to analyze the pattern of variation in wave lengths in presence of wood holes and to develop a model capable of describing the process. To attain that end, wood pieces were used from species pequiá (Aspidosperma desmanthum), on which circular and linear artificial holes were made and gradually enlarged. Ultrasonic tests were performed using USLab equipment and 45 kHz transducers. Measurements were taken first on the intact piece and then after each stage of artificial hole enlargement. Results demonstrated that propagation velocities of ultrasonic waves are affected by presence of holes and also that reduction in velocity is caused by changes in wave path, since waves tend to deviate from empty space and travel through matter. The circular hole type had a slightly stronger influence on velocity reduction than the linear hole type. Variation in velocity as a function of increasing percentage of hollow space relative to the intact piece can be represented by a linear model.183507514Apolinário, F.E., Martius, C., Ecological role of térmites (Insecta, Isoptera) in tree truncks in central Amazonian rain forests (2004) Forest Ecology and Management, 194, pp. 23-28. , Amsterdam(1997) NBR 7190: Projeto De Estruturas De Madeira, p. 107. , ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, Rio de JaneiroBucur, V., (2006) Acoustics of Wood, p. 303. , Berlin: Springer-VerlagDeflorio, G., Fink, S., Schwarze, F.W.M.R., Detection of incipient decay in tree stems with sonic tomography after wounding and fungal inoculation (2007) Wood Science and Technology, 42, pp. 117-132. , New YorkLin, C.J., (2008) Application of An Ultrasonic Tomographic Technique For Detecting Defects In Standing Trees, 62, pp. 432-441. , International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, BirminghamNajafi, S.K., Shalbafan, A., Ebrahimi, G., Internal decay assessment in standing beech trees using ultrasonic velocity measurement (2009) European Journal of Forest Research, 48 (1), pp. 1-6. , OxfordWang, X., Divos, F., Pilon, C., Brashaw, B.K., Ross, R.J., Pellerin, R.F., (2004) Assessment of Decay In Standing Timber Using Stress Wave Timing Nondestructive Evaluation Tools: A Guide For Use and Interpretation, p. 12. , Washington: USDA, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-14

Analyze The Soil Attributes And Sugarcane Yield Culture With The Use Of Geostatistics And Decision Trees [análise Dos Atributos Do Solo E Da Produtividade Da Cultura De Cana-de-açúcar Com O Uso Da Geoestatística E árvore De Decisão]

One of the challenges of precision agriculture is to offer subsidies for the definition of management units for posterior interventions. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate soil chemical attributes and sugarcane yield with the use of geostatistics and data mining by decision tree induction. Sugarcane yield was mapped in a 23ha field, applying the cell criterion, by using a yield monitor that allowed the elaboration of a digital map representing the surface of production of the studied area. To determine the soil attributes, soil samples were collected at the beginning of the harvest in 2006/2007 using a regular grid of 50 x 50m, in the depths of 0.0-0.2m and 0.2-0.4m. Soil attributes and sugarcane yield data were analyzed by using geostatistics techniques and were classified into three yield levels for the elaboration of the decision tree. The decision tree was induced in the software SAS Enterprise Miner, using an algorithm based on entropy reduction. Altitude and potassium presented the highest values of correlation with sugarcane yield. The induction of decision trees showed that the altitude is the variable with the greatest potential to interpret the sugarcane yield maps, then assisting in precision agriculture and, revealing an adjusted tool for the study of management definition zones in area cropped with sugarcane.404840847Burrough, P.A., The state of the art in pedometrics (1994) Geoderma, 62 (1-3), pp. 311-326. , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V67-48B0MYK-88&_user=972058&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049648&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=972058&md5=a9197027531de4960615e2e39b8d3ef7, Amsterdam, Disponível em, Acesso em: 22 de nov. 2008. doi: 10.1016/0016-7061(94)90043-4Cambardella, C.A., Field-scale variability of soil properties in Central Iowa (1994) Soil Science Society of American Journal, 58 (5), pp. 1501-1511. , MadisonCorá, J.E., Variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo para adoção do sistema de agricultura de precisão na cultura de cana-de-açúcar (2004) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 28 (6), pp. 1013-1021. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832004000600010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt, Viçosa, Disponível em, Acesso em: 22 out. 2008. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832004000600010de la Rosa, D., Expert evaluation system for assessing field vulnerability to agrochemical compounds in Mediterranean regions (1993) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 56 (2), pp. 153-164. , http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WH1-45P12Y2-S&_user=972058&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049648&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=972058&md5=30e198bd86ceed800a9ca256312ce655, London, Disponível em, Acesso em: 20 de nov. 2008. doi: 10.1006/jaer.1993.1068(1997) Manual De Métodos De Análise De Solo, p. 212. , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA, 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Agricultura e do AbastecimentoGrego, C.R., Vieira, S.R., Variabilidade espacial de propriedades físicas do solo em uma parcela experimental (2005) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 29 (2), pp. 169-177. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832005000200002&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt, Viçosa, Disponível em, Acesso em: 19 de out. 2008. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832005000200002Han, J., Kamber, M., (2001) Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, p. 550. , San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann/CAIsaaks, E.H., Srivastava, R.M., (1989) An Introduction to Applied Geoestatistics, p. 561. , New York: Oxford UniversityKitamura, A.E., Relação entre a variabilidade espacial das frações granulométricas do solo e a produtividade do feijoeiro sob plantio direto (2007) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 31 (2), pp. 361-369. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832007000200018&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt, Viçosa, Disponível em, Acesso em: 08 de nov. 2008. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832007000200018Kravchenko, A.N., Bullock, D.G., Correlation of corn and soybean yield with topography and soil properties (2000) Agronomy Journal, 75 (1), pp. 75-83. , http://agron.scijournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/1/75, Madison, Disponível em, Acesso em: 13 de out. 2007Mata, J.V.D., Relação entre produtividade e resistência à penetração em área irrigada por pivô central, sob dois sistemas de preparo (1999) Acta Scientiarum, 21 (3), pp. 519-525. , http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAgron/article/view/4264/2942, Maringá, Disponível em, Acesso em: 20 de fev. 2008Megda, M.M., Correlação linear e espacial entre a produtividade de feijão e a porosidade de um Latossolo Vermelho de Selvíria (MS) (2008) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 32 (2), pp. 781-788. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832008000200032&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt, Viçosa, Disponível em, Acesso em: 18 de Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832008000200032Montezano, Z.F., Variabilidade de nutrientes em plantas de milho cultivado em talhão manejado homogeneamente (2008) Bragantia, Campinas, 67 (4), pp. 969-976. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0006-87052008000400020&script=sci_arttext&tlng=target=_blank, Disponível em, Acesso em: 01 de nov. 2007. doi: 10.1590/S0006-87052008000400020Quinlan, J.R., (1993) C4.5: Programs For Machine Learning, pp. 234-278. , San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann/CARachid Jr., A., Variabilidade espacial e temporal de atributos químicos do solo e da produtividade da soja num sistema de agricultura de precisão (2006) Engenharia Na Agricultura, 14 (3), pp. 156-169. , http://www.seer.ufv.br/seer/index.php/reveng/article/viewFile/116/51, Viçosa, Disponível em, Acesso em: 22 de out. 2008(2001) Análise Química Para Avaliação Da Fertilidade De Solos Tropicais, p. 285. , RAIJ, B. van et al. (Ed), Campinas: Instituto AgronômicoRobertson, G.P., (1998) GS +: Geostatistics For the Environmental Sciences (version 5.1 For Windows), p. 152. , Plainwell: Gamma Design SoffwareRosa Filho, G., Variabilidade da produtividade da soja em função de atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico sob plantio direto (2009) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 33 (2), pp. 275-283. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-06832009000200006&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt, Viçosa, Disponível em, Acesso em: 25 de nov. 2008. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832009000200006Schlotzhaver, S.D., Littell, R.C., (1997) SAS: System For Elementary Statistical Analysis, p. 905. , 2.ed. Cary: SASSouza, C.K., Influência do relevo na variação anisotrópica dos atributos químicos e granulométricos de uma latossolo em Jaboticabal-SP (2003) Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, 23 (3), pp. 486-495Souza, Z.M., Variabilidade espacial do pH, Ca, Mg e V% do solo em diferentes formas do relevo sob cultivo de cana-deaçúcar (2004) Ciência Rural, 34 (6), pp. 1763-1771. , http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782004000600015&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt, Santa Maria, Disponível em, Acesso em: 01 de dez. 2007. doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782004000600015Vanni, S.M., (1998) Modelos De Regressão: Estatística Aplicada, p. 177. , São Paulo: Legmar Informática & EditoraVieira, S.R., Geoestatística em estudos de variabilidade espacial do solo (2000) Tópicos Em Ciência Do Solo, 1, pp. 1-53. , NOVAIS, R.F. et al. (Eds), Viçosa: Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do SoloVieira, S.R., Molin, J.P., Spatial variability of soil fertility for precision agriculture (2001) Proceedings... Montpellier: Agro Montpellier, 1 (3), pp. 491-496. , EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON PRECISION AGRICULTURE, 3., 2001, MontpellierWarrick, A.W., Nielsen, D.R., Spatial variability of soil physical properties in the field (1980) Applications of Soil Physics, pp. 319-344. , HILLEL, D. (Ed.), New York: Academic, Cap.2Webster, R., Statistics to support soil research and their presentation (2001) European Journal of Soil Science, 52 (2), pp. 331-340. , http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122371407/HTMLSTART, Oxford, Disponível em, Acesso em: 12 de out. 2007Yanai, J., Geostatistical analysis of soil chemical properties and rice yield in a paddy field and application to the analysis of yield-determining factors (2001) Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 47 (2), pp. 291-301. , TokyoYang, C., Use of hyperspectral imagery for identification of different fertilization methods with decision-tree technology (2002) Biosystems Engineering, 83 (3), pp. 291-298. , Amsterda