Determination of Resistance Reference Parameters of Equine Strongyls to Anthelmintic

The research undertaken during November 2008 - April 2009 was aimed to find the required pharmacological reference parameters in order to diagnosis the resistance phenomenon of equine strongyls. Strongyls eggs originated from a total of 126 faecal samples collected during the 6 months of study on three different areas of the Danube Delta, where it is estimated that there are a number of over 4,000 wild untreated equine. Testing effectiveness of Mebendazole (MBZ), Fenbendazole (FBZ) and Ivermectine (IVM) was performed in vitro by larva development assay (LDA). To Fenbendazole the reference lethal concentrations were LC50 0.0089µg/ml; LC90 -0.7430µg/ml and LC100 -0.9265µg/ml with a MIC of -18.6031µg/ml. To Mebendazole the reference lethal concentrations were LC50 -0.0078µg/ml, LC90 -0.4566µg/ml and LC100 -0.5688µg/ml with a MIC of 21.4542µg/ml. To Ivermectine the reference parameters were LC50 -0.00028µg/ml, LC90 0.0011µg/ml and LC100 0.0013µg/ml with a MIC of -250.004µg/ml

Ascorbic Acid Content in Extractive Aqueous Solutions of Rosa canina L. Fruits

The main goal of the hereby study is two folded: first, to mark out the most adequate methods of preparing the watery solution extracts (infusions, decoctions) in order to obtain a high content of ascorbic acid, and second, to identify the most suitable method for determining this vitamin in aqueous solution extracts made out of medicinal herbs. In this experiment six groups were assembled containing 20 fruit samples each. The samples were analyzed one week, one and a half month and three months, respectively, after gathering. Fruit drying was accomplished either in open air, at room temperature, or artificially, for three days, in 15 minutes intervals at 95°C (in the exicator), followed again by room temperature drying. Preparation of each group was different: it comprised either pickling in cold water for 10 hours, followed by sinking in cold water, boiling and then cooling, or sinking the fruits in boiling water followed by cooling, or sinking the fruits in boiling water followed by boiling the solution for five or 10 minutes, or, finally, by infusion and decoction method. The results obtained through the Tillmans method revealed a high level of ascorbic acid when the fruits were immersed into boiling water (100°C) and boiled in open fire (11.02 ± 1.51 mg %) for five minutes or when they were introduced in boiling water and kept covered in the boiling basin for 30 minutes (12.26 ± 0.55mg %)

In Vivo and In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Anthelmintic Medication Used in Sheep

Our research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments in sheep, as well as the resistance occurrence risk for the most commonly used substances. Anthelmintic medication efficacy was evaluated on 30 animals from a private farm, located in Sânmihaiu Almaşului, Sălaj County. In vivo studies were performed by using Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and testing an albendazole-based (ABZ) product. In vitro, we used Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA) for albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), fenbendazole (FBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ) and ivermectin (IVM) (only for LDA). FECRT showed that intestinal nematodes developed resistance phenomena against the ABZ-based product, with an extensivity of 80% at seven days post therapy, an egg reduction percentage of 41.89% at seven days post-therapy and 43.9% at 14 days post-therapy. The in vitro EHA highlighted a superior efficacy of TBZ (egg hatch percentage at reference concentration being 51.21) compared to ABZ (71.89%), MBZ (84.46%) and FBZ (79.22%), with a minimum risk of anthelmintic resistance. The LDA test revealed the superior efficacy of FBZ (MIC 0.59 mcg/ml) and IVM (MIC 0.078 mcg/ml), with a minimal risk of inducing parasitic resistance. All in vivo and in vitro tests revealed a limited ABZ efficacy, recommending avoiding the therapy with this substance

Anthelmintic Resistance in Equine Nematodes – A Review on the Current Situation, with Emphasis in Europe

Since the introduction of the last equine broad-spectrum anthelmintic group in the 1980’s, the investment in new drugs to control horse’s parasites did not result in new advancements. These drugs allowed a very effective and extensive control of equine nematodes through successful interval dosing programs, firstly introduced in the 1960’s. However, the widespread and indiscriminate use of anthelmintics in these intensive treatments have led to increasing resistance in the major equine nematodes. Reports of reduced effectiveness are virtually worldwide and repercussions in livestock production farms have already been seen.Based on recent questionnaires about horse farm practices, preventive measures and international recommendations, it is clear that most of them are still not being widely implemented. It is also clear that these recommendations are outdated and new approaches must be considered to correctly tackle this rapidly evolving issue in horse management, as more accurate diagnostic methods are currently available, such as Mini-FLOTAC. This article intends to do a general review of the history and current situation of anthelmintic resistance in horses, with emphasis in Europe, as well as, how to diagnose and delay or even prevent its further development, mentioning new methods of diagnostic and directions in which to develop research

Vasile Goldiş

ABSTRACT. The main objective of this study was to compare two acetylcysteine based products with identical quantitative and qualitative composition (acetylcysteine 2g, sucrose and vanillin) and identical pharmaceutical form (oral powder). For the equivalence of the two items we chose the dilution profiles method of determined through HPLC. The data obtained was statistically analyzed and for interpretation, the f2 similarity factor was calculated. We resorted to using this test procedure in vitro because through HPLC, we could not determine the plasmatic concentrations of the 10 horses tested in vivo, in the initial implementation of a standardized protocol. Average percentages of the samples of tested and reference products, dissolved for test showed more than 85% after 5 minutes in each of the 3 different pH dissolution media, indicating similar dilution profiles, indicating there was no need for calculating the f2 similarity factor. Based on the obtained in vitro dissolution profiles, identical quantitative and qualitative composition (2 g acetylcysteine in 6 g powder) and the identical pharmaceutical formulation (oral powder) in vivo testing of the two investigated products is not necessary