Delimiting the Origin of a B Chromosome by FISH Mapping, Chromosome Painting and DNA Sequence Analysis in Astyanax paranae (Teleostei, Characiformes)

Supernumerary (B) chromosomes have been shown to contain a wide variety of repetitive sequences. For this reason, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) is a useful tool for ascertaining the origin of these genomic elements, especially when combined with painting from microdissected B chromosomes. In order to investigate the origin of B chromosomes in the fish species Astyanax paranae, these two approaches were used along with PCR amplification of specific DNA sequences obtained from the B chromosomes and its comparison with those residing in the A chromosomes. Remarkably, chromosome painting with the one-arm metacentric B chromosome probe showed hybridization signals on entire B chromosome, while FISH mapping revealed the presence of H1 histone and 18S rDNA genes symmetrically placed in both arms of the B chromosome. These results support the hypothesis that the B chromosome of A. paranae is an isochromosome. Additionally, the chromosome pairs Nos. 2 or 23 are considered the possible B chromosome ancestors since both contain syntenic H1 and 18S rRNA sequences. The analysis of DNA sequence fragments of the histone and rRNA genes obtained from the microdissected B chromosomes showed high similarity with those obtained from 0B individuals, which supports the intraspecific origin of B chromosomes in A. paranae. Finally, the population hereby analysed showed a female-biased B chromosome presence suggesting that B chromosomes in this species could influence sex determinism.This research was funded by grants from the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) to DMZAS (2011/16825-3) and CO (2010/17009-2), grants from National Council for Research and Development (CNPq) to FF and by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diagnósticos e Intervenções de Enfermagem aos pacientes em terapia anticoagulante Diagnóstico e intervenciones de enfermería a los pacientes en terapia anticoagulante Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions for Patients under Anticoagulant Therapy

Os pacientes que fazem uso de anticoagulante orais apresentam necessidades especificas, para as quais, o atendimento de enfermagem tem um importante papel, principalmente, no sentido de prevenir complicações. A presente revisão foi realizada visando discutir os diagnósticos de enfermagem para esses pacientes, utilizando-se do sistema North American Nursing Diagnoses Association - NANDA. Os diagnósticos para esses pacientes retratam o risco de sangramento e retrombose quase sempre devido ao controle ineficaz do regime terapêutico e o déficit de volume de líquidos quando ocorre perda ativa de sangue. Propõem-se ainda as intervenções de enfermagem e os critérios de avaliações para tais condições. Os autores consideram relevante, no sucesso da assistência o preparo da equipe para lidar com essa terapia.<br>Los pacientes que utilizan anticoagulante orales presentan necesidades específicas, para las cuales la atención de enfermería tiene un papel muy importante, principalmente en el sentido de prevenir complicaciones. La presente revisión se realizó; buscando discutir los diagnósticos de enfermería para esos pacientes, con el uso del sistema Noth American Nursing Diagnoses Association - NANDA. Los diagnósticos para tales pacientes retratan el riesgo de sangría y retrombosis, casi siempre debido al el control ineficaz del régimen terapéutico y el déficit del volumen de líquidos cuando ocurre una pérdida activa de sangre. También se proponen las intervenciones de enfermería y criterios de evaluaciones para tales condiciones. Los autores consideran relevantes en el éxito de la asistencia, la preparación del equipo para lidiar con esta terapia.<br>Patients under treatment with oral anticoagulants present specific needs for which nursing care plays an important role, especially to prevent complications. The present review was carried out aiming at discussing nursing diagnoses for these patients by using the system of the North American Nursing Diagnoses Association - NANDA. Diagnoses for such patients depict the risk of bleeding and rethrombosis almost always due to the ineffective control of the therapeutic regimen and the deficit in the volume of fluids during active bleeding. Also, nursing interventions and assessment criteria are proposed for such conditions. The authors see the team's preparation to deal with such therapy as relevant for successful assistance