From Codex to Computer

This volume emerged from the 2013 conference ‘Resurrecting the Book’, which the researcher conceived and organised to commemorate the opening of the Library of Birmingham. The ensuing publication concentrates on the materiality of the book and the timeframe deliberates on two key moments: the hand-press period when printing challenged the hegemony of manuscript production; and our own age when the arrival of the computer and the production of e-books similarly questions modi operandi. It is now a commonplace to maintain that the current technological revolution has many affinities with the upheaval that accompanied the advent of the printing press. This volume argues that the parallels, continuities and differences in the material form of the book and its production, dissemination and use at these two junctures are worth re-exploring because they are both more complex and nuanced than first appears. This volume looks, therefore, at important issues about the materiality of the book. Rather than suggest a confrontational relationship between manuscript, print and digital, it shows how different forms intersect and yet remain sui generis

An investigation into the development of legal forms for the delivery of community benefit and community interest

Abstract In considering sociologically that emancipatory alternatives to dominant business institutions and social structures are evolving as a whole, as suggested by Wright, this thesis argues that the available legal form frameworks, which are evolving during the same period, have blurred historical business registers, due to a lack of clear differentiation and branding. It also argues that the legal frameworks fail to provide guidance on how to structure a community enterprise in order to garner and demarcate participation through representation. The essential interconnections between business institutions, communities and community-perceived assets are weak. The necessity to formally allow access to power-sharing and decision-making through organisational structures, and the ability to extend accountabilities on profit and surplus distribution in a way in which the community/stakeholders can participate and be represented, are essential; this can address social disconnections and benefit community outcomes. The work argues for additional guidance and branding to clearly define the legal forms open for use by business institutions, mainly social enterprises. It recommends additional regulatory governance and tests to the pre-existing frameworks, which will rectify the blurring of the registers. Where is the social in a social enterprise and where are the communities in a community interest company or a community benefit society

Promoting the Wellness of Physician-Residents: Counselor-Delivered Coaching

Current studies on coaching have largely been process- and outcomes-oriented while lacking a firm theoretical foundation on which to base skills and techniques. Coaching has been utilized in many settings in order to address employee work attitude and well-being. This article explores the effects of counselor-delivered coaching on the wellness of physician-residents. Counselors are trained in many of the skills that organically apply to coaching, and medical education programs can benefit from counselor-facilitated coaching as part of their graduate medical education program. Counselor-delivered coaching also can help residents reduce common stresses, mitigate negative patient outcomes, and avoid burnout. This increase in physician wellness is likely to result in decreased medical errors. For these reasons, the authors explore the use of basic counseling techniques in the context of coaching sessions involving medical school educators and residents, thereby bridging the gap between coaching and counseling. Counselor-delivered coaching may be a valuable resource for reducing physician burnout. Therefore, medical schools and medical practices should consider developing and including counselor-delivered coaching to improve physicians’ quality of life and thus, in turn, patient results. Findings from this study support future data-driven studies of counselor-delivered coaching, training opportunities for counselor education programs, and an evolution of coaching techniques

Introduction: pen, print and communication in the eighteenth century

The eighteenth century, perhaps more than any other, was a pivotal time in the development of the mechanics and methods of communication. Commercial, political, legal, social and religious interactions were all facilitated by a variety of material processes such as handwriting, painting, drawing, printing and engraving which coexisted alongside more ephemeral and immaterial means of communication including voice, gesture, costume and performance. New sites for consuming the products of communication emerged such as coffee houses, oratories, libraries, institutes, theatres, shops and galleries. Developments in road and water transport and postal systems facilitated means of communication and enabled the products of pen and print to travel further and faster than ever before. This introduction and subsequent chapter, considers pen, print and other forms of communication in the eighteenth century

A Search for correlations between turbulence and star formation in LITTLE THINGS dwarf irregular galaxies

Turbulence has the potential for creating gas density enhancements that initiate cloud and star formation (SF), and it can be generated locally by SF. To study the connection between turbulence and SF, we looked for relationships between SF traced by FUV images, and gas turbulence traced by kinetic energy density (KED) and velocity dispersion ($v_{disp}$) in the LITTLE THINGS sample of nearby dIrr galaxies. We performed 2D cross-correlations between FUV and KED images, measured cross-correlations in annuli to produce correlation coefficients as a function of radius, and determined the cumulative distribution function of the cross correlation value. We also plotted on a pixel-by-pixel basis the locally excess KED, $v_{disp}$, and HI mass surface density, $\Sigma_{\rm HI}$, as determined from the respective values with the radial profiles subtracted, versus the excess SF rate density $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$, for all regions with positive excess $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$. We found that $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ and KED are poorly correlated. The excess KED associated with SF implies a $\sim0.5$% efficiency for supernova energy to pump local HI turbulence on the scale of resolution here, which is a factor of $\sim2$ too small for all of the turbulence on a galactic scale. The excess $v_{disp}$ in SF regions is also small, only $\sim0.37$ km s$^{-1}$. The local excess in $\Sigma_{\rm HI}$ corresponding to an excess in $\Sigma_{\rm SFR}$ is consistent with an HI consumption time of $\sim1.6$ Gyr in the inner parts of the galaxies. The similarity between this timescale and the consumption time for CO implies that CO-dark molecular gas has comparable mass to HI in the inner disks.Comment: In press in the Astronomical Journa

A Search for Correlations between Turbulence and Star Formation in LITTLE THINGS Dwarf Irregular Galaxies

Turbulence has the potential for creating gas density enhancements that initiate cloud and star formation (SF), and it can be generated locally by SF. To study the connection between turbulence and SF, we looked for relationships between SF traced by FUV images, and gas turbulence traced by kinetic energy density (KED) and velocity dispersion (v disp) in the LITTLE THINGS sample of nearby dIrr galaxies. We performed 2D cross-correlations between FUV and KED images, measured cross-correlations in annuli to produce correlation coefficients as a function of radius, and determined the cumulative distribution function of the cross-correlation value. We also plotted on a pixel-by-pixel basis the locally excess KED, v disp, and H i mass surface density, ΣHI, as determined from the respective values with the radial profiles subtracted, versus the excess SF rate density ΣSFR, for all regions with positive excess ΣSFR. We found that ΣSFR and KED are poorly correlated. The excess KED associated with SF implies a ∼0.5% efficiency for supernova energy to pump local H i turbulence on the scale of the resolution here, which is a factor of ∼2 too small for all of the turbulence on a galactic scale. The excess v disp in SF regions is also small, only ∼0.37 km s-1. The local excess in ΣHI corresponding to an excess in ΣSFR is consistent with a H i consumption time of ∼1.6 Gyr in the inner parts of the galaxies. The similarity between this timescale and the consumption time for CO implies that CO-dark molecular gas has comparable mass to H i in the inner disks

A substrateless, flexible, and water-resistant organic light-emitting diode

This research was financially supported from the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2017-231), the EPSRC NSF-CBET lead agency agreement (EP/R010595/1, 1706207), the DARPA NESD programme (N66001-17-C-4012) and the RS Macdonald Charitable Trust. C.K. acknowledges support from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2017R1A6A3A03012331). C.M. acknowledges funding from the European Commission through a Marie Skłodowska Curie individual fellowship (703387). A.M. acknowledges funding through an individual fellowship of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (404587082). M.C.G. acknowledges funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung (Humboldt-Professorship).Despite widespread interest, ultrathin and highly flexible light-emitting devices that can be seamlessly integrated and used for flexible displays, wearables, and as bioimplants remain elusive. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with µm-scale thickness and exceptional flexibility have been demonstrated but show insufficient stability in air and moist environments due to a lack of suitable encapsulation barriers. Here, we demonstrate an efficient and stable OLED with a total thickness of ≈ 12 µm that can be fully immersed in water or cell nutrient media for weeks without suffering substantial degradation. The active layers of the device are embedded between conformal barriers formed by alternating layers of parylene-C and metal oxides that are deposited through a low temperature chemical vapour process. These barriers also confer stability of the OLED to repeated bending and to extensive postprocessing, e.g. via reactive gas plasmas, organic solvents, and photolithography. This unprecedented robustness opens up a wide range of novel possibilities for ultrathin OLEDs.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Accurate efficiency measurements of organic light-emitting diodes via angle-resolved spectroscopy

Funding: EPSRC NSF-CBET lead agency agreement (EP/R010595/1, 1706207), the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2017-231), the Volkswagen Foundation (No. 93404), and the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung (Humboldt-Professorship to M.C.G.). C.K. acknowledges support from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2017R1A6A3A03012331). Diese Arbeit wurde mitfinanziert durch Steuermittel auf der Grundlage des vom Sächsischen Landtag beschlossenen Haushaltes.The accurate characterization of thin-film LEDs – including organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), perovskites and quantum dot LEDs – is crucial to our understanding of the factors that influence their efficiency and thus to the fabrication of LEDs with improved performance and stability. In addition, detailed information about the angular characteristics of LED emission is useful to assess the suitability of individual architectures, e.g. for display applications. Here, the implementation of a goniometer-based measurement system and corresponding protocol are described that allow to accurately determine the current-voltage-luminance characteristics, external quantum efficiency and luminous efficacy of OLEDs and other emerging thin-film LEDs. The system allows recording of angle-resolved electroluminescence spectra and accurate efficiency measurements for devices with both Lambertian and non-Lambertian emission characteristics. A detailed description of the setup and a protocol for assembling and aligning the required hardware are provided. Drawings of all custom parts and the open-source Python software required to perform the measurement and to analyze the data are included.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Lung progenitors from lambs can differentiate into specialized alveolar or bronchiolar epithelial cells.

26International audienceBACKGROUND: Airways progenitors may be involved in embryogenesis and lung repair. The characterization of these important populations may enable development of new therapeutics to treat acute or chronic lung disease. In this study, we aimed to establish the presence of bronchioloalveolar progenitors in ovine lungs and to characterize their potential to differentiate into specialized cells. RESULTS: Lung cells were studied using immunohistochemistry on frozen sections of the lung. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry were conducted on ex-vivo derived pulmonary cells. The bronchioloalveolar progenitors were identified by their co-expression of CCSP, SP-C and CD34. A minor population of CD34pos/SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cells (0.33% +/- 0.31) was present ex vivo in cell suspensions from dissociated lungs. Using CD34 magnetic positive-cell sorting, undifferentiated SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cells were purified (>80%) and maintained in culture. Using synthetic media and various extracellular matrices, SP-Cpos/CCSPpos cells differentiated into either club cells (formerly named Clara cells) or alveolar epithelial type-II cells. Furthermore, these ex vivo and in vitro derived bronchioloalveolar progenitors expressed NANOG, OCT4 and BMI1, specifically described in progenitors or stem cells, and during lung development. CONCLUSIONS: We report for the first time in a large animal the existence of bronchioloalveolar progenitors with dual differentiation potential and the expression of specialized genes. These newly described cell population in sheep could be implicated in regeneration of the lung following lesions or in development of diseases such as cancers