Physical characteristics of cashew apples from dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) clones as a function of environmental and temporal variation

1 recurso en línea (páginas 41-49).As variáveis de qualidade física do pedúnculo de cajueiro consistem em diferentes características externas, como aparência, tamanho, coloração, formato, firmeza, entre outros. Esses apresentam grande importância na comercialização, uma vez que são os principais atributos que atraem o consumidor no momento da compra. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da região, ano de produção e do genótipo sobre as características físicas em cajus de cajueiro-anão. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial com medida repetida no tempo, aplicando-se a técnica de confundimento, sendo três clones (CCP 09, BRS 265 e PRO 555-1) em dois locais diferentes, sertão (Alto Santo-CE) e litoral (Beberibe-CE), com quatro repetições, colhidos nos anos de 2013 e 2014. No laboratório os cajus foram avaliados quanto a massa total (castanha e pedúnculo) em (g), massa da castanha (g), massa do pedúnculo (g), comprimento (mm), diâmetro apical e basal do pedúnculo (mm) e firmeza do pedúnculo (N). Observou-se que a região e o ano de produção influenciam na qualidade física do caju. Entre os clones estudados, o CCP 09 foi o único que apresentou comportamento semelhante em ambas as regiões. Isso mostra que o mesmo consegue expressar qualidade satisfatória em diferentes ambientes. Os demais apresentaram qualidade física superior quando cultivados no litoral. No sertão, o clone que se mostrou melhor adaptado foi o CCP 09, e no litoral o clone PRO 555-1.Cashew apple physical quality variables include different external characteristics, such as appearance, size, color, shape, and firmness, among others, which are very important in commercialization because they are the first characteristics perceived by consumers, who usually buy what attracts them most. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the region, production year and genotype on the physical characteristics of dwarf cashew cashews (cashew apple + nut). The experiment design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with repeated measurements over time, applying the confounding technique, with three clones (CCP 09, BRS 265 and PRO 555-1) in two different regions, sertão (Alto Santo-CE) and coast (Beberibe-CE), with four replications, collected in 2013 and 2014. In the laboratory, the cashews were evaluated for total mass (nut and cashew apple) (g), nut and cashew apple mass (g), length (mm), apical and basal diameters of the cashew apple (mm) and firmness of the cashew apple (N). It was observed that the region and the production year influenced the physical quality of the cashews. Among the clones that were studied, CCP 09 was the only one that presented a similar behavior in both regions, showing that it can obtain satisfactory quality in different environments. The other clones differed, presenting superior physical quality on the coast. In the sertão region, the best adapted clone was CCP 09 and, on the coast, it was the PRO 555-1 clone.Bibliografía y webgrafía: páginas 48-4

Influência do tratamento pré-colheita com 1-aminoetoxivinilglicina e ácido giberélico na fisiologia e na qualidade de pedúnculos de caju

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the preharvest treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on the quality and physiological attributes of ripe 'CCP 76' cashew (Anacardium occidentale) peduncles at different developmental stages. Sprays of 180 mg L-1 GA3 and 180 mg L-1 AVG were applied, combined and isolated, at 34, 40, and 44 days after anthesis (DAA), and peduncles were harvested ripe at 46 DAA and evaluated for physical and physiological variables. The treatment with GA3 resulted in firmer peduncles with a greater apical diameter, but did not affect the physiological variables activity of the pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase cell wall enzymes and degree of lipid peroxidation of the biological membranes, nor the physical attributes total mass (peduncles and nut) and nut size. At early developmental stages (34 DAA), GA3 increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, and, at later stages (40 DAA), promoted polyphenol and carotenoid accumulation. The application of AVG at the final stages (44 DAA) provided greater total antioxidant activity, despite the lower ascorbate peroxidase activity. The application of GA3 pre-harvest increases the firmness and diameter of the cashew peduncles, and the treatment with AVG increases the total antioxidant activity of the peduncles.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento pré-colheita com ácido giberélico (GA3) e 1-aminoetoxivinilglicina (AVG) nos atributos de qualidade e fisiológicos de pedúnculos maduros de cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) 'CCP 76', em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. Foram realizadas pulverizações com 180 mg L-1 GA3 e 180 mg L-1 AVG, combinadas e isoladas, aos 34, 40 e 44 dias após a antese (DAA), e os pedúnculos foram colhidos maduros aos 46 DAA para avaliações de variáveis físicas e fisiológicas. O tratamento com GA3 proporcionou pedúnculos mais firmes e com maior diâmetro apical, mas não influenciou as variáveis fisiológicas atividades das enzimas pectinametilesterase e poligalacturonase da parede celular e grau de peroxidação lipídica das membranas biológicas, nem os atributos físicos massa total (pedúnculo e castanha) e comprimento e largura da castanha. Em estádios iniciais (34 DAA), GA3 aumentou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase e catalase, e, nos finais (40 DAA), promoveu o acúmulo de polifenóis e carotenoides. A aplicação de AVG, ao final do desenvolvimento (44 DAA), proporcionou maior atividade antioxidante, apesar da menor atividade da ascorbato peroxidase. A aplicação de GA3 em pré-colheita promove aumento da firmeza e do diâmetro dos pedúnculos de cajueiro, e o tratamento com AVG aumenta a atividade antioxidante dos pedúnculos

Changes in phenolic composition, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity in cashew apple (

Introduction. Cashew apple is a rich source of sugars, vitamin C and polyphenols. In spite of its nutritional value, this pseudo-fruit has been left unexploited to a large extent in the crop-growing areas. Some reports of the chemical characteristics of cashew apple have been published. However, nothing is known about the changes in the composition of its bioactive compounds in the course of ripening. Materials and methods. Cashew apples at three different maturity stages were examined with respect to their ascorbic acid content, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Ascorbic acid was quantified by HPLC. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS by comparison with authentic standard compounds. The antioxidant capacity was measured by TOSC assay against peroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. Results. Amounts of identified phenolic compounds were the highest in unripe cashew apple and decreased in the course of ripening. Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside turned out to be the main flavonoids in all maturity stages. The antioxidant capacity and the concentration of ascorbic acid increased in the course of ripening. The antioxidant activity was considerably influenced by ascorbic acid, more than by the content of phenolic compounds. Conclusion. This study provides, for the first time, information on changes in bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity in cashew apple during ripening. A dietary or technological exploitation of ascorbic acid is useful in the ripe condition. The unripe pseudo-fruits are a good source for the extraction of polyphenols with regard to possible food technological purposes or the preparation of food supplements

Quality for fresh consumption and processing of some non-traditional tropical fruits from Brazil

Introduction. Brazil is home to a great diversity of tropical, non-traditional fruit species with a potential for consumption in natura and agroindustrial processing. The objective of our study was to evaluate the quality of 18 non-traditional fruits from Brazil belonging to the families Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Clusiaceae, Malpighiaceae, Melastomataceae and Myrtaceae. Materials and methods. Samples were collected from areas of occurrence, commercial orchards and collections in Northern, Northeastern and Southeastern Brazil; they were tested for total soluble solids (TSS), soluble sugars (SS), reducing sugars (RS), total titratable acidity (TTA), pH, [TSS / TTA] ratio, starch, total pectin (TP) and soluble pectin (SP). Results and discussion. Parameters varied greatly among the species. Thus, TSS was 4.75–37.07 °Brix; SS, 1.26–17.74%; RS, 2.53–9.92%; TTA, 0.20–2.64%; pH, 2.56–5.38; [TSS / TTA], 3.26–107.70; starch, 0.12–12.65%; TP, 0.15–1.27%; and SP, 0.04–1.49%. Conclusion. Many of the 18 fruits evaluated in this study show potential for consumption in natura and agroindustrial processing

Antioxidant compoundsand total antioxidant activity in fruits of acerola from cv. Flor Branca, Florida Sweet and BRS 366

Information on antioxidant properties at different ontological stages may help producers and food technologists to identify which cultivar and/or maturity stage are most adequate for their need, therefore this work aimed to study the changes in the antioxidant metabolism during acerola development. Fruit from cv. Flor Branca, BRS366 and Florida Sweet were harvested at different stages: immature green colored (I), physiologically mature with green color and maximum size (II), breaker (III) and full red ripe (IV). After harvest, fruits were selected, divided into four replications with 500 g each and evaluated regarding their titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, total soluble sugar, vitamin C, polyphenol, anthocyanin, yellow flavonoid, total antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity. Anthocyanin and flavonoid were determined through LC-DAD-ESI/MS and all analysis followed a completely randomized factorial 3 x 4 design. Fruits of 'Florida Sweet' presented significantly higher soluble solids (9.46ºBrix). Vitamin C content decreased during ripening, but ripe 'BRS 366' fruits showed the greatest values (1363 mg.100 g-1) and highest TAA with 42.36 µM TEAC.g-1FW. Cyanidin 3-rhamnoside (520.76 mg.100 g-1 DM) and quercetin 3-rhamnoside (33.72 mg.100 g-1 DM) were the most abundant anthocyanin and yellow flavonoids found mainly in 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola, whose antioxidant enzymes activities were also higher. Ripe 'Florida Sweet' fruit presents a great potential for fresh consumption, meanwhile physiologically mature 'BRS 366' fruit seems the best option for the bioactive compounds processing industry. As 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola kept the highest activity levels, it could be an indicative of greater potential for postharvest conservation

Quality for fresh consumption and processing of some non-traditional tropical fruits from Brazil

Introduction. Brazil is home to a great diversity of tropical, non-traditional fruit species with a potential for consumption in natura and agroindustrial processing. The objective of our study was to evaluate the quality of 18 non-traditional fruits from Brazil belonging to the families Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Clusiaceae, Malpighiaceae, Melastomataceae and Myrtaceae. Materials and methods. Samples were collected from areas of occurrence, commercial orchards and collections in Northern, Northeastern and Southeastern Brazil; they were tested for total soluble solids (TSS), soluble sugars (SS), reducing sugars (RS), total titratable acidity (TTA), pH, [TSS / TTA] ratio, starch, total pectin (TP) and soluble pectin (SP). Results and discussion. Parameters varied greatly among the species. Thus, TSS was 4.75–37.07 °Brix; SS, 1.26–17.74%; RS, 2.53–9.92%; TTA, 0.20–2.64%; pH, 2.56–5.38; [TSS / TTA], 3.26–107.70; starch, 0.12–12.65%; TP, 0.15–1.27%; and SP, 0.04–1.49%. Conclusion. Many of the 18 fruits evaluated in this study show potential for consumption in natura and agroindustrial processing