1,463 research outputs found
Breach of faith? Italian-Soviet Cold War trading and Eniβs international oil scandal
The article was submitted on 10.07.2015.By the late-1950s, Soviet oil exports to Western Europe caused widespread concern in a number of Western countries as these feared that Moscow could use oil to weaken their economic interests. At the same time though, other Western countries had no hesitation in developing trade relations with the Soviets, seeing this as a good commercial opportunity. The paramount example of such political nonchalance was Italyβs oil company, ENI. In 1960, ENI signed a barter contract with the Soviets, causing a scandal in the Western oil world: the Italian companyβs act was seen as a serious breach of faith by its international allies. As a consequence, ENIβs contract became a serious bone of contention in the countryβs bilateral and international relations. This paper analyzes the origins and development of the ENI-Soviet deal, and focuses on the reactions of Italyβs Western allies and the debate it generated at the European Economic Community.Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ 1950-Ρ
Π³Π³. ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π² ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π―ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ENI (ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅). Π 1960 Π³. ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Ρ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄Π°Π» Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅: ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ENI ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ENI ΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅
Geometrical Description of Quantum Mechanics - Transformations and Dynamics
In this paper we review a proposed geometrical formulation of quantum
mechanics. We argue that this geometrization makes available mathematical
methods from classical mechanics to the quantum frame work. We apply this
formulation to the study of separability and entanglement for states of
composite quantum systems.Comment: 22 pages, to be published in Physica Script
Modification of magnetic and transport properties of manganite layers in Au/La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO_3/SrTiO_3 interfaces
The effect of gold capping on magnetic and transport properties of optimally
doped manganite thin films is studied. An extraordinary suppression of
conductivity and magnetic properties occurs in epitaxial (001)
La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO_3 (LSMO) films grown on SrTiO_3 upon deposition of 2 nm of
Au: in the case of ultrathin films of LSMO (4 nm thick) the resistivity
increases by four orders of magnitude while the Curie temperature decreases by
180 K. Zero-field 55Mn nuclear magnetic resonance reveals a significant
reduction of ferromagnetic double-exchange mechanism in manganite films upon
the gold capping. We find evidence for the formation of a 1.9-nm thick magnetic
"dead-layer" at the Au/LSMO interface, associated with the creation of
interfacial non double-exchange insulating phases.Comment: 4 figure
Domain wall displacement in Py square ring for single nanometric magnetic bead detection
A new approach based on the domain wall displacement in confined
ferromagnetic nanostructures for attracting and sensing a single nanometric
magnetic particles is presented. We modeled and experimentally demonstrated the
viability of the approach using an anisotropic magnetoresistance device made by
a micron-size square ring of Permalloy designed for application in magnetic
storage. This detection concept can be suitable to biomolecular recognition,
and in particular to single molecule detection.Comment: 8pages, 3figure
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