Forage yield and nutritive value of Panicum maximum genotypes in the Brazilian savannah

The narrow genetic variability of grasslands and the incidence of new biotic and abiotic stresses have motivated the selection of new Panicum maximum genotypes for use as forage for beef cattle in the Brazilian savannah. This study aimed to evaluate forage yield and nutritive value of P. maximum genotypes including 14 accessions (PM30 to PM43), four intraspecific hybrids (PM44 to PM47) and six cultivars (Aruana, Massai, Milênio, Mombaça, Tanzania and Vencedor), examining 24 genotypes over two years (2003 and 2004). Milênio cultivar was the genotype with the highest dry matter yield (DMY) in both years (18.4 t ha-1 and 20.9 t ha-1, respectively) although it presented a high proportion of stems (~ 30%). Genotypes that showed higher Leaf DMY in both years were the accession PM34 (14.7 t ha-1) and the hybrid PM46 (14.0 t ha-1), while Mombaça and Tanzania yielded 12.5 and 11.0 t ha-1, respectively. Leaf organic matter digestibility and leaf DMY for PM40 and PM46 genotypes exceeded the mean (> 656 g kg-1 and > 11.7 t ha-1, respectively). For this reason, PM40 and PM46 can be considered promising P. maximum genotypes for use as forage for grazing systems in the Brazilian savannah

Structural characteristics of marandu palisadegrass swards subjected to continuous stocking and contrasting rhythms of growth Características estruturais de pastos de capim-marandu submetidos à lotação contínua e ritmos de crescimento contrastantes

The concept of sward target has been used recently to characterise grazing management practices, but its efficiency to monitor and control sward structure questioned since it corresponds to a single sward structural feature, usually sward surface height. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate sward structure and its patterns of variation throughout the year on continuously stocked marandu palisadegrass swards maintained at 30 cm and subjected to contrasting rhythms of growth from January 2007 to April 2008. Treatments corresponded to three nitrogen application rates (150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1 of N) plus the control (no N fertilisation), and were allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomised block design, with four replications. Sward herbage mass, morphological composition, leaf area index (LAI), foliage angle and light interception were evaluated. The increase in nitrogen application rates resulted in increased sward herbage mass, proportion of leaf and stem, and reduction in the proportion of dead material. These modifications were in line with the increase in LAI and reduction in foliage angle, although they did not modify sward light interception. Despite the wide range of nitrogen application rates used, there was a common pattern of variation in sward structure. Overall, changes in sward structural characteristics generated by the range of growth rhythms studied were small, indicating that sward height corresponded to an efficient way to monitor and control the grazing process and sward structure, and can be used to define targets of grazing management.<br>O conceito de alvo de manejo tem sido utilizado recentemente para caracterizar estratégias de manejo do pastejo, mas sua eficiência em permitir controle e monitoramento da estrutura do dossel forrageiro questionada desde que corresponde a uma única característica estrutural, geralmente a altura do pasto. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a estrutura do dossel forrageiro e seus padrões de variação ao longo do ano em pastos de capim-marandu mantidos a 30 cm sob lotação contínua e submetidos a ritmos de crescimento contrastantes de Janeiro 2007 a Abril de 2008. Os tratamentos corresponderam a três doses de aplicação de nitrogênio (150, 300 e 450 kg ha-1 de N) mais o controle (sem adubação), e foram alocados às unidades experimentais segundo um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas massa de forragem, composição morfológica, índice de área foliar (IAF), ângulo da folhagem e interceptação luminosa dos pastos. O aumento das doses de aplicação de nitrogênio resultou em maior massa de forragem, proporção de folhas e colmos, e menor proporção de material morto. Estas modificações foram coerentes com o aumento registrado em IAF e a redução em ângulo da folhagem, embora não tenham resultado em variação na interceptação luminosa dos pastos. Apesar da grande amplitude das doses de nitrogênio avaliadas, houve um padrão comum de variação na estrutura dos pastos. No geral, as mudanças nas características estruturais dos pastos geradas pela amplitude de ritmos de crescimento avaliados foram pequenas, indicando que a altura do dossel correspondeu a uma forma eficiente de monitorar e controlar o processo de pastejo e a estrutura do dossel forrageiro