Numerical simulations of liquids with amorphous boundary conditions

It has recently become clear that simulations under amorphpous boundary conditions (ABCs) can provide valuable information on the dynamics and thermodynamics of disordered systems with no obvious ordered parameter. In particular, they allow to detect a correlation length that is not measurable with standard correlation functions. Here we explain what exactly is meant by ABCs, discuss their relation with point-to-set correlations and briefly describe some recent results obtained with this technique.Comment: Presented at STATPHYS 2

Surface tension fluctuations and a new spinodal point in glass-forming liquids

The dramatic slowdown of glass-forming liquids has been variously linked to increasing dynamic and static correlation lengths. Yet, empirical evidence is insufficient to decide among competing theories. The random first order theory (RFOT) links the dynamic slowdown to the growth of amorphous static order, whose range depends on a balance between configurational entropy and surface tension. This last quantity is expected to vanish when the temperature surpasses a spinodal point beyond which there are no metastable states. Here we measure for the first time the surface tension in a model glass-former, and find that it vanishes at the energy separating minima from saddles, demonstrating the existence of a spinodal point for amorphous metastable order. Moreover, the fluctuations of surface tension become smaller for lower temperatures, in quantitative agreement with recent theoretical speculation that spatial correlations in glassy systems relax nonexponentially because of the narrowing of the surface tension distribution.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

A phase-separation perspective on dynamic heterogeneities in glass-forming liquids

We study dynamic heterogeneities in a model glass-former whose overlap with a reference configuration is constrained to a fixed value. The system phase-separates into regions of small and large overlap, so that dynamical correlations remain strong even for asymptotic times. We calculate an appropriate thermodynamic potential and find evidence of a Maxwell's construction consistent with a spinodal decomposition of two phases. Our results suggest that dynamic heterogeneities are the expression of an ephemeral phase-separating regime ruled by a finite surface tension

An experimental and theoretical approach for an estimation of DKth

The existence of a fatigue threshold value may affect the design process when a damage-tolerant design is considered that uses non-destructive techniques for evaluating the shape and dimensions of the defects inside materials. Obviously it should be possible to estimate the stress field surrounding these defects and this is not generally a problem with modern numerical methods.Many factors are involved in determining the growth rate of a fatigue crack. Some of these are highly significant and it is possible to obtain the coefficients of a correlation function. Some others are not well defined and the only effect is to expand the scatter of experimental data.Consider the sigmoidal curve we obtain when plotting the crack growth rate versus the applied DK_I . A very difficult parameter to measure but very useful for fatigue design is the DK_Ith value, because below this value a crack may be forming, hence, here DK_Ith is defined by the transition between a normal (e.g. 10-10 m/cycle) and a very low range of crack growth rate (<10-10 m/cycle).The DgrKIth value is very difficult to obtain by experimental methods because the growth rate is of the order or less than the atomic lattice span (3 × 10-10 m/cycle), but we can correlate the transition value with the cyclic crack tip plastic zone size and other structural parameters of metallic materials.The aim of this work is to offer a contribution about the parameters which influence DK_Ith in stainless steels and welded joints based on the crack tip plastic zone radius

Impaired gallbladder motility and delayed orocecal transit contribute to pigment gallstone and biliary sludge formation in β-thalassemia major adults

Aim: Gallbladder and gastrointestinal motility defects exist in gallstones patients and to a lesser extent in pigment gallstone patients. To investigated the role of gallbladder and gastrointestinal motility disorders in pigment gallstone formation in β-thalassemia major. Methods: Twenty-three patients with β-thalassemia major (16 females; age range 18-37 years) and 70 controls (47 females, age range 18-40 years) were studied for gallbladder and gastric emptying (functional ultrasonography), orocecal transit (OCTT, H2-breath test), autonomic dysfunction (sweat-spot, cardiorespiratory reflex tests), bowel habits, gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life (all with questionnaires). Gallbladder content (ultrasonography) was examined before and during 8-12 mo follow-up. Results: Gallstones and/or biliary sludge were found in 13 (56%) patients. β-thalassemia major patients had increased fasting (38.0±4.8 mL vs 20.3±0.7 mL, P = 0.0001) and residual (7.9±1.3 mL vs 5.1±0.3 mL, P = 0.002) volume and slightly slower emptying (24.9±1.7 min vs 20.1±0.7 min, P = 0.04) of the gallbladder, together with longer OCTT (132.2±7.8 min vs 99.7±2.3 min, P = 0.00003) than controls. No differences in gastric emptying and bowel habits were found. Also, patients had higher dyspepsia (score: 6.7±1.2 vs 4.9±0.2, P = 0.027), greater appetite (P = 0.000004) and lower health perception (P = 0.00002) than controls. Autonomic dysfunction was diagnosed in 52% of patients (positive tests: 76.2% and 66.7% for parasympathetic and sympathetic involvement, respectively). Patients developing sludge during follow-up (38%, 2 with prior stones) had increased fasting and residual gallbladder volume. Conclusion: Adult β-thalassemia major patients have gallbladder dysmotility associated with delayed small intestinal transit and autonomic dysfunction. These abnormalities apparently contribute together with haemolytic hyperbilirubinemia to the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones/ sludge in β-thalassemia major. Copyright © 2004 by The WJG Press

Aging and relaxation near Random Pinning Glass Transitions

Pinning particles at random in supercooled liquids is a promising route to make substantial progress on the glass transition problem. Here we develop a mean-field theory by studying the equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics of the spherical p-spin model in presence of a fraction c of pinned spins. Our study shows the existence of two dynamic critical lines: one corresponding to usual Mode Coupling transitions and the other one to dynamic spinodal transitions. Quenches in the portion of the c - T phase diagram delimited by those two lines leads to aging. By extending our results to finite dimensional systems we predict non-interrupted aging only for quenches on the ideal glass transition line and two very different types of equilibrium relaxations for quenches below and above it.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Time series irreversibility: a visibility graph approach

We propose a method to measure real-valued time series irreversibility which combines two differ- ent tools: the horizontal visibility algorithm and the Kullback-Leibler divergence. This method maps a time series to a directed network according to a geometric criterion. The degree of irreversibility of the series is then estimated by the Kullback-Leibler divergence (i.e. the distinguishability) between the in and out degree distributions of the associated graph. The method is computationally effi- cient, does not require any ad hoc symbolization process, and naturally takes into account multiple scales. We find that the method correctly distinguishes between reversible and irreversible station- ary time series, including analytical and numerical studies of its performance for: (i) reversible stochastic processes (uncorrelated and Gaussian linearly correlated), (ii) irreversible stochastic pro- cesses (a discrete flashing ratchet in an asymmetric potential), (iii) reversible (conservative) and irreversible (dissipative) chaotic maps, and (iv) dissipative chaotic maps in the presence of noise. Two alternative graph functionals, the degree and the degree-degree distributions, can be used as the Kullback-Leibler divergence argument. The former is simpler and more intuitive and can be used as a benchmark, but in the case of an irreversible process with null net current, the degree-degree distribution has to be considered to identifiy the irreversible nature of the series.Comment: submitted for publicatio

Surgical site infection after caesarean section. Space for post-discharge surveillance improvements and reliable comparisons

Surgical site infections (SSI) after caesarean section (CS) represent a substantial health system concern. Surveying SSI has been associated with a reduction in SSI incidence. We report the findings of three (2008, 2011 and 2013) regional active SSI surveillances after CS in community hospital of the Latium region determining the incidence of SSI. Each CS was surveyed for SSI occurrence by trained staff up to 30 post-operative days, and association of SSI with relevant characteristics was assessed using binomial logistic regression. A total of 3,685 CS were included in the study. A complete 30 day post-operation follow-up was achieved in over 94% of procedures. Overall 145 SSI were observed (3.9% cumulative incidence) of which 131 (90.3%) were superficial and 14 (9.7%) complex (deep or organ/space) SSI; overall 129 SSI (of which 89.9% superficial) were diagnosed post-discharge. Only higher NNIS score was significantly associated with SSI occurrence in the regression analysis. Our work provides the first regional data on CS-associated SSI incidence, highlighting the need for a post-discharge surveillance which should assure 30 days post-operation to not miss data on complex SSI, as well as being less labour intensive