Geoestatística na avaliação dos atributos físicos em latossolo sob floresta nativa e pastagem na Região de Manicoré, Amazonas

The use of geostatistical techniques allows detection of the existence of dependence and the spatial distribution of soil properties, thus constituting an important tool in the analysis and detailed description of the behavior of soil physical properties. The aim of the present study was to use geostatistics in assessment of physical properties in a Latossolo (Oxisol) dystrophic under native forest and pasture in the Amazon region of Manicore. Grids with of 70 x 70 m were established in native forest and pasture, and points were marked in these grids spaced at every 10 m, for a total of 64 points. These points were then georeferenced and in each one, soil samples (128) were collected at the depths of 0.00-0.20 and 0.40-0.60 m for a survey of their physical properties. These grids are parallel at a distance of 100 m from one another. The following determinations were made: texture, bulk density and particle density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and aggregate stability in water. After tabulating the data, descriptive statistical analysis and geostatistical analysis were performed. The pasture had a slight variation in its physical properties in relation to native forest, with a high coefficient of variation and weak spatial dependence. The scaled semivariograms were able to satisfactorily reproduce the spatial behavior of the properties in the same pattern as the individual semivariograms, and the use of the parameter range of the semivariogram was efficient for determining the optimal sampling density for the environments under study. The geostatistical results indicate that the removal of native forest for establishing pasture altered the natural variability of the physical properties.A utilização das técnicas geoestatísticas permite detectar a existência da dependência e distribuição espacial dos atributos do solo, constituindo importante ferramenta na análise e descrição detalhada do comportamento dos atributos físicos do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o uso da geoestatística na avaliação dos atributos físicos em Latossolo sob floresta nativa e pastagem na região de Manicoré no Amazonas. Nas áreas de floresta nativa e pastagem, foram estabelecidas malhas com dimensão 70 × 70 m e demarcados pontos nessas malhas espaçados a cada 10 m, totalizando 64 pontos. Esses pontos foram georreferenciados e, em seguida, foram feitas as coletadas de solo em cada ponto da malha nas camadas de 0,00-0,20 e 0,40-0,60 m para determinação dos atributos físicos, totalizando 128 amostras de solo em cada malha. Essas malhas encontram-se paralelas com uma distância uma da outra de 100 m e o solo nessas áreas é classificado como Latossolo. Determinaram-se textura, densidade do solo e de partículas, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e estabilidade dos agregados em água. Após a tabulação dos dados, foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e geoestatística. A pastagem apresentou leve variação nos seus atributos físicos em relação à floresta nativa, com coeficiente de variação alto e dependência espacial fraca. Os semivariogramas escalonados conseguiram reproduzir de forma satisfatória o comportamento espacial dos atributos no mesmo padrão dos semivariogramas individuais, e o uso do parâmetro alcance do semivariograma mostrou-se eficiente para determinar a densidade amostral ideal para os ambientes em estudo. Os resultados geoestatísticos indicaram que a retirada da floresta nativa para a implantação da pastagem alterou a variabilidade natural dos atributos físicos.UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e VeterináriasUFAM Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e AmbienteUNESP FCAV Departamento de Solos e AdubosUniversidade Federal do Acre Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência, Inovação e Tecnologia para a AmazôniaUNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e VeterináriasUNESP FCAV Departamento de Solos e Adubo

Caracterização de terras pretas arqueológicas no sul do estado do Amazonas

The Archaeological Dark Earth (ADE) soils are characterized by its high fertility, dark color, and presence of pottery fragments. Regarding the formation of ADE, the most widely accepted hypothesis is that anthropogenic processes involving pre-Columbian populations made them. The purpose of this study is to characterize ADE units located in the Southern Amazon Region, in the cities of Apuí and Manicoré. Seven ADE sites were selected, trenches opened and the soil profiles characterized morphologically. Then, samples of each horizon were collected for analyses of the following physical and chemical properties: particle size, water-dispersible clay, flocculation, soil bulk density, particle density, total porosity, pH in water and KCl solutions, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Al3+, available P, H+Al, and organic C. Also, total oxides, free oxides and amorphous forms were analyzed. The texture of the anthropic A horizon ranged from sandy loam to clay loam. The pottery fragments and lithic material were found in similar quantities and at similar depths in the A horizons of the studied soil profiles, suggesting some similarity between the anthropogenic factors of formation. The anthropic horizons of profiles P3, P4, and P7 had a eutrophic character and high to very high levels of available phosphorus, compared to P1, P2, P5, and P6, indicating the heterogeneity of the ADEs.Departamento de Agronomia: Ciência do Solo UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel, s/n, CEP 52171-900 Recife PEInstituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente UFAM, Rua 29 de Agosto, 786, Centro, CEP 69.800-000 Humaitá AMUNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, CEP 14870-900, Jaboticabal, SPUFAM, Avenida General Rodrigo Oct Jor Ra, 3000, Cam Univ, Cor I, CEP 69077-000 Manaus AMDep. de Solos e Adubos FCAV/UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, CEP 14870-900 Jaboticabal SPFCAV/UNESPUNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, CEP 14870-900, Jaboticabal, SPDep. de Solos e Adubos FCAV/UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, CEP 14870-900 Jaboticabal SPFCAV/UNES

Iron oxides and quality of organic matter in sugarcane harvesting systems

Improvements in working conditions, sustainable production, and competitiveness have led to substantial changes in sugarcane harvesting systems. Such changes have altered a number of soil properties, including iron oxides and organic matter, as well as some chemical properties, such as the maximum P adsorption capacity of the soil. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between iron oxides and the quality of organic matter in sugarcane harvesting systems. For that purpose, two 1 ha plots in mechanically and manually harvested fields were used to obtain soil samples from the 0.00-0.25 m soil layer at 126 different points. The mineralogical, chemical, and physical results were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses, such as the mean comparison test, as well as to multivariate statistical and principal component analyses. Multivariate tests allowed soil properties to be classified in two different groups according to the harvesting method: manual harvest with the burning of residual cane, and mechanical harvest without burning. The mechanical harvesting system was found to enhance pedoenvironmental conditions, leading to changes in the crystallinity of iron oxides, an increase in the humification of organic matter, and a relative decrease in phosphorus adsorption in this area compared to the manual harvesting system.Melhores condições de trabalho, produção sustentável e competitividade levaram a mudanças substanciais no sistema de colheita de cana-de-açúcar. Tais mudanças alteraram uma série de atributos do solo, incluindo os óxidos de ferro e a matéria orgânica, assim como alguns atributos químicos como a capacidade máxima de adsorção de P no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a relação entre óxidos de ferro e a qualidade da matéria orgânica nos sistemas de colheita de cana-de-açúcar. Para este fim, duas parcelas de 1 ha em áreas colhidas mecanicamente e manualmente foram utilizadas para obter amostras de solo da camada de 0,00-0,25 m em 126 pontos diferentes. Os resultados das análises mineralógicas, químicas e físicas foram submetidos às análises da estatística descritiva, com teste de comparação de médias, estatísticas multivariadas e análises de componentes principais. A aplicação da estatística multivariada possibilitou a divisão de todos os atributos estudados de acordo com o sistema de colheita: colheita manual com a queima dos resíduos da cana e colheita mecanizada sem queima. O sistema de colheita mecânica promoveu condições pedoambientais, que conduzem a mudanças na cristalinidade dos óxidos de ferro, no aumento no grau de humificação da matéria orgânica e na diminuição relativa de adsorção de P nessa área, em relação ao sistema de cana queimada.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Ciências de Solos e AdubosUNESPUniversidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Departamento de MatemáticaUNESP Departamento de Ciências ExatasUniversidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Ciências de Solos e AdubosUNESPUniversidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Departamento de MatemáticaUNESP Departamento de Ciências Exata

Naringin Inhibits Tumor Growth And Reduces Interleukin-6 And Tumor Necrosis Factor α Levels In Rats With Walker 256 Carcinosarcoma

The flavonoid naringin is a polyphenolic compound that naturally occurs in citrus. Patients with cancer generally present features of malnutrition and cachexia. Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are raised in patients with cancer. This study was designed to analyze the in vivo effect of naringin in the therapeutic treatment of rats bearing Walker 256 carcinosarcoma (W256). Rats were treated intraperitoneally with different doses of naringin (10, 25 and 35 mg/kg), for 50 days. At 25 mg/kg, naringin inhibited tumor growth by ∼75%. With this treatment, TNF-α and IL-6 levels decreased (p3.0.CO;2-NSkipworth, R.J.E., Stewart, G.D., Dejong, C.H.C., Preston, T., Fearon, K.C.H., Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia: Much more than host-tumour interaction? 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naringin and some other flavonoids of hepatocytic autophagy and endocytosis against inhibition by okadaic acid (1995) J Biol Chem, 270, pp. 5830-5838Camargo, C.A., Da Silva, M.E., Da Silva, R.A., Justo, G.Z., Gomes-Marcondes, M.C., Aoyama, H., Inhibition of tumor growth by quercetin with increase of survival and prevention of cachexia in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats (2011) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 406, pp. 638-642Vale, C., Stewart, L., Tierney, J., Trends in UK cancer trials: Results from the UK Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research National Register of Cancer Trials (2005) British Journal of Cancer, 92 (5), pp. 811-814. , DOI 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602425Gomes-Marcondes, M.C.C., Honma, H.N., Areas, M.A., Cury, L., Effect of Walker 256 tumor growth on intestinal absorption of leucine, methionine and glucose in newly weaned and mature rats (1998) Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 31 (10), pp. 1345-1348Gomes-Marcondes, M.C., (1994) Influência Da Gestação Sobre O 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