IRLANDA. Mapas generales (17). 1:800000

Dedicatoria : "To the Most-High Puissant Prince William Fitzgerald Duke of Leinster ... This Map is most gratefully inscribed by his Grace's most humble & most obedient Servant Charles O'Conor Esqre"Escala hallada a partir de un grado de latitud [= 13,8 cm]. Coordenadas referidas al meridiano de Londres (O 11°15'--O 4°25'/N 55°25'--N 51°55'). Red geográfica de 1° en 1°Destaca los límites entre las provincias y condados de la islaTítulo enmarcado en cartela, acompañada de una figura femenina y decorada con un blasón, en el que se inscribe la leyenda : "Crom a Boo

Software testing in a scientific research group

Scientific software is more difficult to test than many other software products, but scientists are not usually trained in software engineering techniques. Considering how often software is used to produce scientific results, how can we be sure the predictions made from these results are correct? Software engineering techniques should be useful for computational scientists. The problem is they find it difficult to know how to apply domain-independent techniques to the specific problems they face in their work. Nevertheless, we have discovered scientists use their own intuition to reinvent techniques surprisingly similar to those in software engineering. This seems like a good place to start our training.This work was supported by the University of Cambridge/ Wellcome Trust Junior Interdisciplinary Fellowship “Making scientific software easier to understand, test and communicate through modern advances in software engineering”.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the Association for Computing Machinery via http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2851613.285178

Testing stochastic software using Pseudo-oracles

Stochastic models can be difficult to test due to their complexity and randomness, yet their predictions are often used to make important decisions, so they need to be correct. We introduce a new search-based technique for testing implementations of stochastic models by maximising the differences between the implementation and a pseudo-oracle. Our technique reduces testing effort and enables discrepancies to be found that might otherwise be overlooked. We show the technique can identify differences challenging for humans to observe, and use it to help a new user understand implementation differences in a real model of a citrus disease (Huanglongbing) used to inform policy and research.Wellcome TrustThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the Association for Computing Machinery via http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2931037.293106

Enhancing conductivity of silver nanowire networks through surface engineering using bidentate rigid ligands

Solution processable metallic nanomaterials present a convenient way to fabricate conductive structures, which are necessary in all electronic devices. However, they tend to require post-treatments to remove the bulky ligands around them to achieve high conductivity. In this work, we present a method to formulate a post-treatment free conductive silver nanowire ink by controlling the type of ligands around the silver nanowires. We found that bidentate ligands with a rigid molecular structure were effective in improving the conductivity of the silver nanowire networks as they could maximize the number of linkages between neighboring nanowires. In addition, DFT calculations also revealed that ligands with good LUMO to silver energy alignment were more effective. Because of these reasons, fumaric acid was found to be the most effective ligand and achieved a large reduction in sheet resistance of 70% or higher depending on the nanowire network density. The concepts elucidated from this study would also be applicable to other solution processable nanomaterials systems such as quantum dots for photovoltaics or LEDs which also require good charge transport being neighboring nanoparticles

A metabolite binding protein moonlights as a bile- responsive chaperone

Bile salts are secreted into the gastrointestinal tract to aid in the absorption of lipids. In addition, bile salts show potent antimicrobial activity in part by mediating bacterial protein unfolding and aggregation. Here, using a protein folding sensor, we made the surprising discovery that the Escherichia coli periplasmic glycerol- 3- phosphate (G3P)- binding protein UgpB can serve, in the absence of its substrate, as a potent molecular chaperone that exhibits anti- aggregation activity against bile salt- induced protein aggregation. The substrate G3P, which is known to accumulate in the later compartments of the digestive system, triggers a functional switch between UgpB’s activity as a molecular chaperone and its activity as a G3P transporter. A UgpB mutant unable to bind G3P is constitutively active as a chaperone, and its crystal structure shows that it contains a deep surface groove absent in the G3P- bound wild- type UgpB. Our work illustrates how evolution may be able to convert threats into signals that first activate and then inactivate a chaperone at the protein level in a manner that bypasses the need for ATP.SynopsisThe periplasmic glycerol- 3- phosphate binding protein, UgpB, was found to have dual functions, as a metabolite binding protein and as a bile- responsive molecular chaperone. Stomach- acid induced stripping of its glycerol- 3- phosphate substrate functions as a switch that activates the chaperone activity of UgpB.A tripartite periplasmic protein folding sensor and Tn- Seq uncover UgpB as a new chaperone.UgpB prevents bile- induced protein aggregation when in its G3P- free form.Stomach acid- induced G3P stripping activates UgpB chaperone function.Crystal structure of a G3P- nonbinding variant of UgpB reveals opening of a deep surface groove when compared to the structure of G3P- bound wild- type UgpB.A periplasmic folding sensor reveals a mechanism by which stomach acid- induced G3P stripping remodels UgpB into a chaperone that prevents bile- induced bacterial protein aggregation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163430/6/embj2019104231.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163430/5/embj2019104231-sup-0002-EVFigs.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163430/4/embj2019104231-sup-0006-SDataFig3.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163430/3/embj2019104231.reviewer_comments.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163430/2/embj2019104231_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163430/1/embj2019104231-sup-0005-SDataFig2.pd

Leg disorders in broiler chickens : prevalence, risk factors and prevention

Broiler (meat) chickens have been subjected to intense genetic selection. In the past 50 years, broiler growth rates have increased by over 300% (from 25 g per day to 100 g per day). There is growing societal concern that many broiler chickens have impaired locomotion or are even unable to walk. Here we present the results of a comprehensive survey of commercial flocks which quantifies the risk factors for poor locomotion in broiler chickens.We assessed the walking ability of 51,000 birds, representing 4.8 million birds within 176 flocks.We also obtained information on approximately 150 different management factors associated with each flock. At a mean age of 40 days, over 27.6% of birds in our study showed poor locomotion and 3.3% were almost unable to walk. The high prevalence of poor locomotion occurred despite culling policies designed to remove severely lame birds from flocks. We show that the primary risk factors associated with impaired locomotion and poor leg health are those specifically associated with rate of growth. Factors significantly associated with high gait score included the age of the bird (older birds), visit (second visit to same flock), bird genotype, not feeding whole wheat, a shorter dark period during the day, higher stocking density at the time of assessment, no use of antibiotic, and the use of intact feed pellets. The welfare implications are profound. Worldwide approximately 261010 broilers are reared within similar husbandry systems.We identify a range of management factors that could be altered to reduce leg health problems, but implementation of these changes would be likely to reduce growth rate and production. A debate on the sustainability of current practice in the production of this important food source is required

Automatic test image generation using procedural noise

It is difficult to test programs that input images, due to the large number of (pixel) values that must be chosen and the complex ways these values interact. Typically, such programs are tested manually, using images that have known results. However, this is a laborious process and limited in the range of tests that can be applied. We introduce a new approach for testing programs that input images automatically, using procedural noise and spatial statistics to create inputs that are both realistic and can easily be tuned to have specific properties. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated on an epidemiological simulation of a recently introduced tree pest in Great Britain: Oriental Chestnut Gall Wasp. Our approach produces images that match the real landscapes more closely than other techniques and can be used (alongside metamorphic relations) to detect smaller (artificially introduced) errors with greater accuracy.This work was supported by the University of Cambridge/Wellcome Trust Junior Interdisciplinary Fellowship “Making scientific software easier to understand, test and communicate through modern advances in software engineering.This is the author accepted manuscript. It is currently under an indefinite embargo pending publication by IEEE

Deposition of tin oxide, iridium and iridium oxide films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition for electrochemical wastewater treatment

In this research, the specific electrodes were prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in a hot-wall CVD reactor with the presence of O2 under reduced pressure. The Ir protective layer was deposited by using (Methylcyclopentadienyl) (1,5-cyclooctadiene) iridium (I), (MeCp)Ir(COD), as precursor. Tetraethyltin (TET) was used as precursor for the deposition of SnO2 active layer. The optimum condition for Ir film deposition was at 300 °C, 125 of O2/(MeCp)Ir(COD) molar ratio and 12 Torr of total pressure. While that of SnO2 active layer was at 380 °C, 1200 of O2/TET molar ratio and 15 Torr of total pressure. The prepared SnO2/Ir/Ti electrodes were tested for anodic oxidation of organic pollutant in a simple three-electrode electrochemical reactor using oxalic acid as model solution. The electrochemical experiments indicate that more than 80% of organic pollutant was removed after 2.1 Ah/L of charge has been applied. The kinetic investigation gives a two-step process for organic pollutant degradation, the kinetic was zero-order and first-order with respect to TOC of model solution for high and low TOC concentrations, respectively

Ankle Joint Dynamic Stiffness in Long-Distance Runners: Effect of Foot Strike and Shoes Features

Foot strike mode and footwear features are known to affect ankle joint kinematics and loading patterns, but how those factors are related to the ankle dynamic properties is less clear. In our study, two distinct samples of experienced long-distance runners: habitual rearfoot strikers (n = 10) and habitual forefoot strikers (n = 10), were analysed while running at constant speed on an instrumented treadmill in three footwear conditions. The joint dynamic stiffness was analysed for three subphases of the moment-angle plot: early rising, late rising and descending. Habitual rearfoot strikers displayed a statistically (p < 0.05) higher ankle dynamic stiffness in all combinations of shoes and subphases, except in early stance in supportive shoes. In minimal-supportive shoes, both groups had the lowest dynamic stiffness values for early and late rising (initial contact through mid-stance), whilst the highest stiffness values were at late rising in minimal shoes for both rearfoot and forefoot strikers (0.21 0.04, 0.24 +/- 0.06 (Nm/kg/degrees .100), respectively). In conclusion, habitual forefoot strikers may have access to a wider physiological range of the muscle torque and joint angle. This increased potential may allow forefoot strikers to adapt to different footwear by regulating ankle dynamic stiffness depending upon the motor task