The range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne Edwards, 1878): distributions and sympatry of four tamarin species in Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru

A detailed understanding of the range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne Edwards, 1878), in Amazonian Peru and Ecuador is of particular relevance, not only because it is poorly known but also because it was on the basis of its supposed sympatry with the saddleback tamarin (S. fuscicollis lagonotus) that Thorington (Am J Primatol 15:367–371, 1988) argued that it is a distinct species rather than a saddleback tamarin subspecies, as was believed by Hershkovitz (Living new world monkeys, vol I. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1977). A number of surveys have been carried out since 1988 in the supposed range of S. tripartitus, in both Ecuador and Peru. Here we summarize and discuss these issues and provide a new suggestion for the geographic range of this species; that is, between the ríos Napo and Curaray in Peru and extending east into Ecuador. We also review current evidence for the distributions of Spix’s black-mantle tamarin (S. nigricollis nigricollis), Graells’ black-mantle tamarin (S. n. graellsi), and the saddleback tamarin (S. fuscicollis lagonotus), which are also poorly known, and examine the evidence regarding sympatry between them. We conclude that despite the existence of a number of specimens with collecting localities that indicate overlap in their geographic ranges, the fact that the four tamarin species are of similar size and undoubtedly very similar in their feeding habits militates strongly against the occurrence of sympatry among them

Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants as Effective Weapons Against Mosquito Vectors of Public Health Importance

The fight against mosquito-borne diseases has recently seen the failure of control programmes based on synthetic chemical treatments to combat larvae and adults of mosquito vectors. This has led to several problems linked to residual substances causing a detrimental impact on environment and human health and to the development of resistance in mosquitoes. In this scenario, new eco-friendly and alternative strategies for the management of mosquito-borne diseases come from the use of plant essential oils (EOs). These are complex mixtures of small, volatile and lipophilic compounds, mostly belonging to monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids, produced by aromatic plants belonging to several botanical families such as Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae. An important ecological role played by EOs is defending plants from several enemies such as bacterial and fungal pathogens, viruses, insects and parasites. EOs represent ideal candidate ingredients to be incorporated in insecticidal formulations since scientific evidences have documented their efficacy against larvae and adults of several mosquitoes (e.g. Anopheles, Aedes and Culex) even at low doses (<50 ppm), the multiple mode of action and wide spectrum of efficacy, the low toxicity on nontarget organisms and environment and the unlikely capacity to induce insect resistance. In this chapter, we gave an overview of the most important EOs obtained from commercially important botanical families with documented efficacy against mosquito vectors. Particular attention has been paid to highlight their strengths and weakness and the future challenges leading to the replacement of conventional insecticides by agrochemical companies