Вплив архітектурного середовища на людину

У статті розглядаються питання, пов'язані з вивченням впливу архітектурного середовища на психологічний стан людини. Проаналізовано сприйняття різних архітектурних форм та середовищ людиною. Дана робота полягає в дослідженні і аналізі взаємодії людини та архітектурного середовища

Reaching the poor with health interventions: Programme-incidence analysis of seven randomised trials of women's groups to reduce newborn mortality in Asia and Africa

Background Efforts to end preventable newborn deaths will fail if the poor are not reached with effective interventions. To understand what works to reach vulnerable groups, we describe and explain the uptake of a highly effective community-based newborn health intervention across social strata in Asia and Africa. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of seven randomised trials of participatory women's groups to reduce newborn mortality in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Malawi. We analysed data on 70 574 pregnancies. Socioeconomic and sociodemographic differences in group attendance were tested using logistic regression. Qualitative data were collected at each trial site (225 focus groups, 20 interviews) to understand our results. Results Socioeconomic differences in women's group attendance were small, except for occasional lower attendance by elites. Sociodemographic differences were large, with lower attendance by young primigravid women in African as well as in South Asian sites. The intervention was considered relevant and interesting to all socioeconomic groups. Local facilitators ensured inclusion of poorer women. Embarrassment and family constraints on movement outside the home restricted attendance among primigravid women. Reproductive health discussions were perceived as inappropriate for them. Conclusions Community-based women's groups can help to reach every newborn with effective interventions. Equitable intervention uptake is enhanced when facilitators actively encourage all women to attend, organise meetings at the participants' convenience and use approaches that are easily understandable for the less educated. Focused efforts to include primigravid women are necessary, working with families and communities to decrease social taboos

Modelling reaction time distribution of fast decision tasks in schizophrenia: Evidence for novel candidate endophenotypes

Increased reaction time (RT) and variability of RT in fast decision tasks is observed in patients with schizophrenia and their first degree relatives. This study used modelling of the RT distribution with the aim of identifying novel candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia. 20 patients with schizophrenia, 15 siblings of patients and 25 healthy controls performed an oddball task of varying working memory load. Increases in mean and standard deviation (SD) of RT were observed for both patients and siblings compared to controls and they were again independent of working memory load. Ex-Gaussian modelling of the RT distribution confirmed that parameters μ σ and τ increased significantly in patients and siblings compared to controls. The Drift Diffusion Model was applied on RT distributions. A decrease in the diffusion drift rate (v) modeling the accumulation of evidence for reaching the decision to choose one stimulus over the other, was observed in patients and siblings compared to controls. The mean time of the non-decisional sensorimotor processes (t0) and it's variance (st0) was also increased in patients and siblings compared to controls. In conclusion modeling of the RT distribution revealed novel potential cognitive endophenotypes in the quest of heritable risk factors for schizophrenia. © 201

Electro-cortical correlates of multisensory integration using ecologically valid emotional stimuli: Differential effects for fear and disgust

Multisensory integration (MSI) is crucial for human communication and social interaction and has been investigated in healthy populations and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the use of stimuli with high ecological validity is sparse, especially in event-related potential (ERP) studies. The present study examined the ERP correlates of MSI in healthy adults using short (500 ms) ecologically valid professional actor-produced emotions of fear or disgust as vocal exclamation or facial expression (unimodal conditions) or both (bimodal condition). Behaviourally, our results show a general visual dominance effect (similarly fast responses following bimodal and visual stimuli) and an MSI-related speedup of responses only for fear. Electrophysiologically, both P100 and N170 showed MSI-related amplitude increases only following fear, but not disgust stimuli. Our results show for the first time that the known differential neural processing of fear and disgust also holds for the integration of dynamic auditory and visual information. © 201

Dissociating Slow Responses From Slow Responding

Increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV) is a candidate endophenotype of ADHD. ISV’s relationship with response speed is highly relevant for ADHD as patients are highly variable but typically no slower than controls. This brief report addresses the relationship between variability and speed by employing dimensional analyses for differentiated performance measures, with a particular focus on the ex-Gaussian measures, across relevant ADHD studies and in young healthy adults (N = 70). For both patients with ADHD and healthy adults, we found that reaction time standard deviation and mean reaction time were strongly correlated, thus failing to dissociate, but ex-Gaussian tau (τ) shared only little variance with Gaussian mu (μ), thus dissociating slow responses (τ) from response speed or—if given—slow responding (μ). Our results highlight the utility of employing the ex-Gaussian measures to disentangle ISV and speed, particularly for ADHD data as patients make more slow responses but are not overall slower than typical controls. © Copyright © 2020 Salunkhe, Feige, Saville, Stefanou, Linden, Bender, Berger, Smyrnis, Biscaldi and Klein

Elevated P3b latency variability in carriers of ZNF804A risk allele for psychosis

Increased intra-subject variability (ISV) in reaction times (RTs) is a candidate endophenotype for several psychiatric and neurological conditions, including schizophrenia. ISV reflects the degree of variability in RTs and is thought to be an index of the stability of cognition. It is generally assumed to have the same underlying physiological basis across conditions, but recent evidence raises the possibility that the neural underpinnings of ISV vary with aetiology. Combining genetics with single-trial event-related potentials is an ideal method for investigating the neural basis of ISV in groups where ISV may vary for relatively homogenous reasons. Here we examine the association between P3b latency variability and a polymorphism on the ZNF804A gene associated with psychosis. Ninety-one healthy volunteers genotyped for rs1344706, a polymorphism on ZNF804A, had electroencephalographic data recorded while carrying out three n-back tasks. Data were analysed with a single-trial approach and latency variability of the P3b was compared between the AA homozygous risk group (N=30) and C allele carriers (N=61). P3b latencies were more variable for AA carriers than C carriers. Behavioural ISV, however, was not associated with genotype. The increase in neurophysiological variability, unaccompanied by increased behavioural variability, suggests that this risk gene is associated with an attenuated form of an endophenotype associated with the psychosis phenotype. The increase in both stimulus and response-locked variability also contrasts with previous work into attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, where only response-locked P3b variability was elevated, suggesting that increased ISV may not signify the same underlying processes in all conditions with which it is associated

COMT Val158Met genotype is associated with fluctuations in working memory performance: converging evidence from behavioural and single-trial P3b measures

Intra-subject variability in reaction times (ISV) is a promising endophenotype for several psychiatric conditions, but its neural underpinnings are not yet established. Converging evidence from neuroimaging, molecular genetics, and psychopharmacology suggests that ISV could index catecholaminergically-mediated neural noise. The fine-grained temporal resolution of electroencephalography is ideal for investigating ISV, but only if potential neural correlates of ISV can be assessed in single trials. Based on evidence that ISV is associated with dopaminergic functioning, we apply a recently developed method of single-trial P3b analysis to investigate the association of COMT Val158Met genotype with measures of ISV on the behavioural and neural levels at different working memory loads. Greater number of Met alleles was associated with poorer and more intra-individually variable performance on the tasks, and greater latency jitter in single-trial P3bs. These converging results at the behavioural and neurophysiological levels confirm previous observations that prefrontal dopamine availability is associated with stability and accuracy of cognitive performance. Together with previous studies, these data imply pleiotropic cognitive effects of COMT genotype