Biosorption Of Chromium(iii) By Sargassum Sp. Biomass

Chromium is present in different types of industrial effluents, being responsible for environmental pollution. Traditionally, the chromium removal is made by chemical precipitation. However, this method is not completely feasible to reduce the chromium concentration to levels as low as required by environmental legislation. Biosorption is a process in which solids of natural origin are employed for binding heavy metals. It is a promising alternative method to treat industrial effluents, mainly because of its low cost and high metal binding capacity. In this work the chromium biosorption process by Sargassum sp. seaweed biomass is studied. Sargassum sp. seaweed, which is abundant in the Brazilian coast, has been utilized with and without milling. The work considered the determination of chromium-biomass equilibrium data in batch system. These studies were carried out in order to determine some operational parameters of chromium sorption such as the time required for the metal-biosorbent equilibrium, the effects of biomass size, pH and temperature. The results showed that pH has an important effect on chromium biosorption capacity. The biosorbent size did not affect chromium biosorption rate and capacity. © 2002 by Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.52133140Aksu, Z., Kutsal, T., A bioseparation process for removing lead(II) ions from waste water by using C. vulgaris (1991) Journal of Chemical and Technology Biotechnology, 52 (1), pp. 109-118Costa, A.C.A., França, F.P., Cadmium uptake by biosorbent seaweeds: Adsorption isotherms and some process conditions (1996) Separation Science and Technology, 31, pp. 2373-2393Crist, R.H., Martin, J.R., Guptill, P.W., Eslinger, J.M., Crist, D.R., Interaction of metals and protons with algae. 2 Ion exchange in adsorption and metal displacement by protons (1990) Environment and Science and Technology, 24 (3), pp. 337-342Crist, R.H., Oberholser, K., Schwartz, D., Marzoff, J., Ryder, D., Interactions of metals and protons with algae, 1 (1988) Environment and Science Technology, 22 (7), pp. 755-760Darnall, D.W., Greene, B., Henzi, M.T., Hosea, J.M., Mcpherson, R.A., Sneddon, J., Alexander, M.D., Selective recovery of gold and other metal ions from an algal biomass (1986) Environment Science and Technology, 20, pp. 206-208Gadd, G.M., Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms (1990) Experientia, 46, pp. 834-840Garnham, G.W., Codd, G.A., Gadd, G.M., Accumulation of zirconium by microalgae and cyanobacteria (1993) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39, pp. 666-672Guibal, E., Roulph, C., Le Cloirec, P., Uranium biosorption by a filamentous fungus Mucor miehei pH effect on mechanisms and performances of uptake (1992) Water Research, 26, pp. 1139-1145Holan, Z.R., Volesky, Biosorption of lead and nickel by biomass of marine algae (1994) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 43, pp. 1001-1009Holan, Z.R., Volesky, B., Prasetyo, I., Biosorption of cadmium by biomass of marine algae (1993) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 41, pp. 819-825Kratochvil, D., Volesky, B., Advances in biosorption of heavy metals (1998) Trends in Biotechnology, 16, pp. 291-300Kratochvil, D., Pimentel, P., Volesky, B., Removal of trivalent chromium by seaweed biosorbent (1998) Environment Science and Technology, 32, pp. 2693-2698Kuyucak, N., Volesky, B., Accumulation of cobalt by marine alga (1989) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 33 (7), pp. 809-814Leusch, A., Holan, Z.R., Volesky, B., Biosorption of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) by chemically-reinforced biomass of marine algae (1995) Journal of Chemical and Technology Biotechnology, 62, pp. 279-288Muraleedharan, T.R., Iyengar, L., Venkobachar, C., Biosorption: An attractive alternative for metal removal and recovery (1991) Current Science, 61, pp. 379-385Nourbakhsh, M., Sag, Y., Özer, D., Aksu, Z., Çaglar, A., A comparative study of various biosorbents for removal of chromium(VI) ions from industrial wastewaters (1994) Process Biochemistry, 29, pp. 1-5Tsezos, M., Volesky, B., Biosorption of uranium and thorium (1981) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 23, pp. 583-604Valkó, P., Vagda, S., An extended Maquardt-type procedure for fitting error in variables models (1987) Computation Chemical Engineering, 11, pp. 37-43Volesky, B., Holan, Z.R., Biosorption of heavy metals (1995) Biotechnology Progress, 11 (3), pp. 235-250. , May - JuneVolesky, B., (1990) Biosorption of Heavy Metals, 408p. , CRC Press, Boston, USA, November ISBN 0849349176Volesky, B., Biosorbent materials (1986) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 16, pp. 121-125Yang, J., Volesky, B., Biosorption and elution of uranium with seaweed biomass (1999) Biohydrometallurgy and the Environment Toward the Mining of the 21st Century: International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium Proceedings, p. 483. , (20th - 23rd June, 1999, San Lorenzo De El Escorial, Madrid, Spain). BALLESTER, Antonio and AMILS, Ricardo eds., ISBN 044450193

Removal Of Nickel(ii) Ions From Aqueous Solution By Biosorption In A Fixed Bed Column: Experimental And Theoretical Breakthrough Curves

The nickel(II) ions biosorption process by marine algae Sargassum filipendula in a fixed bed column was investigated for the following experimental conditions: temperature = 30 °C and pH 3.0. The experimental breakthrough curves were obtained for the following chosen flow rates 0.002, 0.004, 0.006, and 0.008 L/min. A mathematical model was developed to describe the nickel ion sorption in a fixed bed column. The model of three partial differential equations (PDE) has considered the hydrodynamics throughout the fixed bed column as well as the sorption process in the liquid and solid phases. The internal and external mass transfer limitations were considered, as well. The nickel ion sorption kinetics has been studied utilizing the Langmuir isotherm. The PDE of the system were discretized in the form of ordinary differential equations (ODE) and were solved for the given initial and boundary conditions using the finite volume method. A new correlation for external mass transfer coefficient was developed. Some of the model parameters were experimentally determined (ε, dp) where the others such as (KF, KS) were evaluated on the base of experimental data parameters. The identification procedure was based on the least square statistical method. The robustness and flexibility of the developed model was checked out using four sets of experimental data and the predictive power of the model was evaluated to be good enough for the all studied cases. The developed model can be useful tool for nickel ion removal process optimization and design of fixed bed columns using biomass of S. filipendula as a sorbent. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.302184191Akhtar, N., Iqbal, J., Iqbal, M., Removal and recovery of nickel (II) from aqueous solution by loofa sponge-immobilized biomass of Chlorela sorokiniana: characterization studies (2004) J. Hazard. Mater., B108, pp. 85-94Volesky, B., (1990) Biosorption of Heavy Metals, , CRC Press, Boston/Boca Raton, FLWilde, E.W., Benemann, J.R., Bioremoval of heavy metals by use of microalgae (1993) Biotechnol. Adv., 11, pp. 781-812Sandau, E., Sandau, P., Pulz, O., Heavy metal sorption by microalgae (1996) Acta Biotechnol., 16, pp. 227-235Chong, K.H., Volesky, B., Description of two-metal biosorption equilibria by Langmuir type models (1995) Biotechnol. Bioeng., 47, pp. 451-460Schiewer, S., Volesky, B., Modelling multi-metal ion exchange in biosorption (1996) Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, pp. 2921-2927Veit, M.T., Tavares, C.R.G., Silva, E.A., Influence of pH and pre-treated biomass Sargassum filipendula in organic leaching (2004) Anais do II Congresso Brasileiro de Termodinâmica Aplicada, , (In portuguese)Silva, E.A., Cossich, E.S., Tavares, C.R.G., Cardozo, L., Guirardello, R., Modeling of copper (II) biosorption by marine alga Sargassum sp. in fixed bed column (2002) Process Biochem., 38, pp. 791-799Kratochvil, D., Volesky, B., Advanceds in biosorption of heavy metals (1998) Trends Biotechnol., 16, pp. 291-300Silva, E.A., Tavares, C.R.G., Barros, M.A.S.D., Arroyo, P.A., Schneider, R.M., Suszek, M., Modeling and experimental Cr+3 uptake using NaX zeolite (2003) Chem. Eng. Trans., 3, pp. 303-308. , Sixth Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering 2003. Pisa, ItalyMcKay, G., Bino, M.J., Fixed bed adsorption for the removal of pollutants from water (1990) Environ. Pollut., 66, pp. 33-53Ko, D.C.K., Poter, J.F., Mackay, G., Optimised correlations for the fixed bed adsorption of metal ions on bone char (2000) Chem. Eng. Sci., 55, pp. 5819-5829Robinson, S.M., Arnold, W.D., Byers, C.H., Mass-transfer mechanisms for zeolite ion exchange in wastewater treatment (1994) Environ. Energy Eng., 40, pp. 2045-2053Bohart, G.S., Adams, E.Q., Some aspects of the behavior of charcoal with respect to chlorine (1920) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 42, pp. 523-544Thomas, H.C., Heterogeneous ion exchange in a flowing system (1944) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 66, pp. 1664-1666Otero, M., Zabkova, M., Rodrigues, A.E., Comparative study of adsorption of phenol and salicylic acid from aqueous solution onto nonionic polymeric resins (2005) Sep. Purif. Technol., 45, pp. 86-95Barros, M.A.S.D., Silva, E.A., Arroyo, P.A., Tavares, C.R.G., Schneider, R.M., Suszek, M., Sousa-Aguiar, E.F., Removal of Cr(III) in the fixed bed column and batch reactors using as adsorbent zeolite NaX (2004) Chem. Eng. Sci., 59, pp. 5959-5966Brosillon, S., Manero, M.H., Foussard, J.N., Mass transfer in VOC adsorption on zeolite: experimental and theoretical breakthrough curves (2001) Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, pp. 3571-3575Trujillo, E.M., Jeffers, T.H., Ferguson, C., Stevenson, H.Q., Mathematically modeling the removal of heavy metals from a wastewater using immobilized biomass (1991) Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, pp. 1559-1565Stuart, F.X., Camp, D.T., Comparison of kinetic and diffusional models for packed bed adsorption (1967) I. C. Fundam., 6, pp. 156-158Hsieh, J.S.C., Turian, R.M., Tien, C., Multicomponent liquid phase adsorption in fixed bed (1977) AIChE J., 23, pp. 263-275Ernest Jr., M.V., Whitley, R.D., Ma, Z., Wang, N.H.L., Effects of mass action equilibria on fixed bed multicomponent ion exchange dynamics (1997) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36, pp. 212-226Matheickal, J.T., Yu, Q., Biosorption of lead(II) and copper(II) from aqueous solutions by pre-treated biomass of Australian marine alga (1999) Bioresour. Technol., 69, pp. 223-229Matheickal, J.T., Yu, Q., Woodburn, G.M., Biosorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions by pre-treated biomass of marine alga Durvillaea potatorum (1999) Water Res., 33, pp. 335-342Yu, Q., Kaewsarn, P., Duong, L.V., Electron microscopy study of biosorbents from marine macro alga Durvillae potatorum (2000) Chemosphere, 41, pp. 589-594Danckwerts, P.V., Continuos flow systems: distribution of residence times (1953) Chem. Eng. Sci., 2, pp. 1-13Glueckauf, E., Coates, J.J., Theory of chromatography part IV: the influence of incomplete equilibrium on the front boundary of chromatograms and on the effectiveness of separation (1947) J. Chem. Soc., pp. 1315-1321Glueckauf, E., Theory of chromatography (1955) Trans. Faraday Soc., 51, pp. 1235-1241Dursun, A.Y., Aksu, Z., Biodegradation kinetics of ferrous (II) cyanide complex ions by immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens in a packed bed column reactor (2000) Process Biochem., 35, pp. 615-622Ruthven, D.M., (1984) Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Process, , John Wiley & Sons, New YorkNelder, J.A., Mead, R.A., Simplex method for function minimization (1965) Comput. J., 7, pp. 308-315Weber Jr., W.J., Wang, C.K.A., Microscale system for estimation of model parameters for fixed bed adsorbers (1987) Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, pp. 1050-1096Yoshida, H., Yoshikawa, M., Kataoka, T., Parallel transport of BSA by surface and pore diffusion in strongly basic chitosan (1994) AIChE J., 40, pp. 2034-2044Ko, D.C.K., Poter, J.F., Mackay, G., Film-pore diffusion model for the fixed bed sorption of copper and cadmium onto bone char (2001) Water Res., 36, pp. 3786-3886Weber Jr., W.J., Liu, K.T., Characterization of mass transfer parameters for adsorber modeling and design (1981) Process Res., 53, pp. 1541-1550Lide, D.R., Kehiaian, H.V., (1996) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. seventh ed., , CRC Pres

Modeling Of Copper(ii) Biosorption By Marine Alga Sargassum Sp. In Fixed-bed Column

The biosorption of copper(II) by the marine alga Sargassum sp. was investigated in a batch reactor and in a fixed-bed column (temperature= 30°C; pH 3.5). Langmuir and Freundlich sorption models were used to represent the equilibrium data. Experimental breakthrough curves in a fixed-bed column were obtained with a flow rate of 6 ml/min and feed concentration of 1, 2, 3 and 6 meq/l. A model that describes the dynamics of copper(II) ion sorption in the column was obtained from the mass balance in the fluid phase and the biosorbent. According to mass transfer three equations are available to represent the rate of adsorption. The model parameters: mass transfer coefficients, axial dispersion coefficients and constants of the kinetic equation, had their values adjusted from the experimental breakthrough curves. The model in which the mass transfer is controlled by diffusion in the biosorbent best represented the fixed-bed column dynamics. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.385791799Wilde, E.W., Benemann, J.R., Bioremoval of heavy metals by the use of microalgae (1993) Biotechnology Advances, 11, pp. 781-812Sandau, E., Sandau, P., Pulz, O., Heavy metal sorption by microalgae (1996) Acta Biotechnologica, 16, pp. 227-235Chong, K.H., Volesky, B., Description of two-metal biosorption equilibria by Langmuir type models (1995) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 47, pp. 451-460Schiewer, S., Volesky, B., Modeling multi-metal ion exchange in biosorption (1996) Environmental Science and Technology, 30, pp. 2921-2927Çetinkaya, G., Donmez, Z., Aksu, Z., Ozturk, A., Kutsal, T., A comparative study on heavy metal biosorption characteristics of some algae (1999) Process Biochemistry, 34, pp. 885-892Silva, E.A., (2001) Estudo da Remoção Dos Íons Cromo(III) e Cobre(II) em Colunas de Leito Fixo Utilizando a Alga Marinha Sargassum sp. Como Biossorvente, , Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrazilCossich, E.S., (2000) Biossorção de Cromo(III) Pela Biomassa da Alga Marinha Sargassum sp., , Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrazilTrujillo, E.M., Jeffers, T.H., Ferguson, C., Stevenson, H.Q., Mathematically modeling the removal of heavy metals from a wastewater using immobilized biomass (1991) Environmental Science and Technology, 25, pp. 1559-1565Volesky, B., Prasetyo, I., Cadmium removal in a biosorption column (1994) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 43, pp. 1010-1015Kratochvil, D., Volesky, B., Demopoulos, G., Optimizing Cu removal/recovery in a biosorption column (1997) Water Research, 31, pp. 2327-2339Matos, M.G.N., Knoechelmann, A., Abreu, C.A.M., Passavante, J.Z., Silva, V.L., Bioadsorção/troca iônica de soluções de cromo com algas arribadas (1998) Anais do II Encontro Brasileiro sobre Adsorção, , Florianópolis-SC, JunhoKratochvil, D., Volesky, B., Advances in biosorption of heavy metals (1998) Trends in Biotechnology, 16, pp. 291-300Ruthven, D.K., (1984) Fundamental of Adsorption and Adsorption Process, , New York: WileyMaliska, C.R., (1995) Transferência de Calor e Mecânica Dos Fluidos Computacional, , LTC Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora SA, Rio de JaneiroPetzold, L.R., (1982) A Description of DASSL: A Differential/Algebric Equation System Solver, , STR, SAND82-8637, LivermoreMadras, G., Thibaud, C., Erkey, C., Akgerman, A., Modeling of supercritical extraction of organics from solid matrices (1994) American Institute of Chemical Engineering Journal, 40, pp. 777-788Ernest M.V., Jr., Whitley, R.D., Ma, Z., Linda Wang, N.H., Effects of mass action equilibria on fixed-bed multicomponent ion-exchange dynamics (1997) Industrial Engineering Chemical Research, 36, pp. 212-226Klamer, K., Van Krevelen, D.W., Studies on ion-exchange-I (1958) Chemical Engineering Science, 7, pp. 197-20

Binary ion exchange of metal ions in Y and X zeolites

The ion exchange of Na for Cr/K, Cr/Mg and Cr/Ca in Y and X zeolites was studied using breakthrough curves. It was observed that Cr3+ ions were able to remove some competitive ions that had already been exchanged at the zeolitic sites, producing a sequential ion exchange. Some mass transfer parameters such as length of unused bed, overall mass transfer coefficient, operational ratio and dimensionless variance were studied. Chromium uptake was influenced much more by the competing ion in the NaX zeolite columns. The dimensionless variance indicated that Cr/K solution produced a greater axial dispersion than the Cr/Mg and Cr/Ca systems, probably due to some interaction between Cr3+ and K+ ions. The order of dynamic selectivity, provided by the cation uptake, was Cr3+ > Ca2+, Cr3+ > Mg2+ and Cr3+ > K+ for NaY zeolite and Ca2+ ~Cr3+, Mg2+ > Cr3+ and Cr3+ > K+ for NaX zeolite. Due to the more favorable mass transfer parameters and higher affinity for Cr3+, it was concluded that NaY zeolite was more efficient at chromium uptake in competitive systems

Biosorption of Chromium(III) and Copper(II) Ions onto Marine Alga sp. in a Fixed-bed Column

The simultaneous biosorption of chromium(III) and copper(II) ions onto Sargassum sp. alga in a fixed-bed column reactor was investigated. Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of the feed concentration (1, 2, 3 and 6 mequiv/ℓ) and the composition of the metal ion solution [0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 Cu(II)/Cr(III) ratio] on the behaviour of the breakthrough curves. A mathematical model was applied to describe the biosorption in a fixed-bed column. Equilibrium was described in this model in terms of a binary Langmuir-type adsorption process, together with mass transfer in the biosorbent based on the Linear Driving Force (LDF) model. The partial differential equations for the system were solved numerically by the finite volume method. The proposed mathematical model for the biosorption process provided a satisfactory description of the dynamics of metal ion removal in the column relative to the experimental data obtained. The adsorptive capacity of the biomass for Cr(III) ions in the binary system was greater than that for Cu(II) ions. The developed model could provide a useful tool for the optimization of Cr(III) and Cu(II) ion removal processes by Sargassum sp. biomass and the design of the corresponding fixed-bed columns

Biosorption Of Chromium(iii) And Copper(ii) Ions Onto Marine Alga Sargassum Sp. In A Fixed-bed Column

The simultaneous biosorption of chromium(III) and copper(II) ions onto Sargassum sp. alga in a fixed-bed column reactor was investigated. Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of the feed concentration (1, 2, 3 and 6 mequiv/l) and the composition of the metal ion solution [0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 Cu(II)/Cr(III) ratio] on the behaviour of the breakthrough curves. A mathematical model was applied to describe the biosorption in a fixed-bed column. Equilibrium was described in this model in terms of a binary Langmuirtype adsorption process, together with mass transfer in the biosorbent based on the Linear Driving Force (LDF) model. The partial differential equations for the system were solved numerically by the finite volume method. The proposed mathematical model for the biosorption process provided a satisfactory description of the dynamics of metal ion removal in the column relative to the experimental data obtained. 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