Superclasses and supercharacters of normal pattern subgroups of the unipotent upper triangular matrix group

Let $U_n$ denote the group of $n\times n$ unipotent upper-triangular matrices over a fixed finite field \FF_q, and let U_\cP denote the pattern subgroup of $U_n$ corresponding to the poset \cP. This work examines the superclasses and supercharacters, as defined by Diaconis and Isaacs, of the family of normal pattern subgroups of $U_n$. After classifying all such subgroups, we describe an indexing set for their superclasses and supercharacters given by set partitions with some auxiliary data. We go on to establish a canonical bijection between the supercharacters of U_\cP and certain \FF_q-labeled subposets of \cP. This bijection generalizes the correspondence identified by Andr\'e and Yan between the supercharacters of $U_n$ and the \FF_q-labeled set partitions of $\{1,2,...,n\}$. At present, few explicit descriptions appear in the literature of the superclasses and supercharacters of infinite families of algebra groups other than \{U_n : n \in \NN\}. This work signficantly expands the known set of examples in this regard.Comment: 28 page

ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries

This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors

Nitrificação do nitrogênio amoniacal de dejetos líquidos de suínos em solo sob sistema de plantio direto Nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen from pig slurry in soil under no-tillage

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de nitrificação do N amoniacal dos dejetos líquidos de suínos, aplicados ao solo em sistema de plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado durante três anos agrícolas, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas principais foram compostas por dois sistemas de cultura (aveia preta/milho e pousio/milho) e as subparcelas, por doses de dejetos (0, 40 e 80 m³ ha-1 por ano). A nitrificação foi estimada a partir da determinação dos teores de N mineral em diferentes camadas do solo, em diversas épocas, após a aplicação dos dejetos. Na média dos três anos, a taxa líquida de nitrificação no sistema aveia/milho atingiu 4,8 kg ha-1 dia-1 de N na forma de nitrato e superou aquela do sistema pousio/milho em 43%. A aplicação dos dejetos na dose 80 m³ ha-1 resultou em uma taxa de nitrificação superior à verificada na dose de 40 m³ ha-1 em 188%. O N amoniacal dos dejetos líquidos de suínos é rapidamente nitrificado no solo em plantio direto e completamente oxidado a N nítrico entre 15 e 20 dias após a aplicação dos dejetos.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the nitrification rate in no-tillaged soil treated with pig slurry. The experiment was carried out during three years in an Arenic Hapludult soil, in a complete randomized block design, with split plots and three replications. The main plots were composed of two crop systems (black oat/maize and fallow/maize) and the split plots were composed of three rates of pig slurry (0, 40 and 80 m³ ha-1). The nitrification was evaluated based on concentrations of mineral N, in different soil layers, in several periods after pig slurry application. On the average of the three years, the nitrification rate in the black oat/maize system reached 4.8 kg ha-1 of NO3--N per day, overcoming that of the fallow/maize system in 43%. The application of 80 m³ ha-1 of pig slurry resulted in 188% greater nitrification rate than that observed for 40 m³ ha-1. The ammoniacal N from pig slurry is rapidly nitrified in soil under no-tillage, being completely oxidized to NO3--N from 15 to 20 days after pig slurry application

Topical Application of Cinnamaldehyde Promotes Faster Healing of Skin Wounds Infected with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>

Wound healing can be delayed following colonization and infection with the common bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While multiple therapies are used for their treatment, these are ineffective, expensive, and labour-intensive. Thus, there is an enormous unmet need for the treatment of infected wounds. Cinnamaldehyde, the major component of cinnamon oil, is well known for its antimicrobial properties. Herein, we investigated the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cinnamaldehyde in the virulence of P. aeruginosa. We also assessed its healing potential in P. aeruginosa-infected mouse skin wounds and the mechanisms involved in this response. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of cinnamaldehyde reduced P. aeruginosa metabolic rate and its ability to form biofilm and to cause haemolysis. Daily topical application of cinnamaldehyde on P. aeruginosa-infected skin wounds reduced tissue bacterial load and promoted faster healing. Lower interleukin-17 (IL-17), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide levels were detected in cinnamaldehyde-treated wound samples. Blockage of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, the pharmacological target of cinnamaldehyde, abrogated its healing activity and partially reversed the inhibitory actions of this compound on VEGF and IL-17 generation. We suggest that topical application of sub-inhibitory concentrations of cinnamaldehyde may represent an interesting approach to improve the healing of P. aeruginosa-infected skin wounds

Intravascular ultrasound guidance to minimize the use of iodine contrast in percutaneous coronary intervention the MOZART (minimizing contrast utilization with IVUS guidance in coronary angioplasty) randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance on the final volume of contrast agent used in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND To date, few approaches have been described to reduce the final dose of contrast agent in PCIs. We hypothesized that IVUS might serve as an alternative imaging tool to angiography in many steps during PCI, thereby reducing the use of iodine contrast. METHODS A total of 83 patients were randomized to angiography-guided PCI or IVUS-g

Estimativa da assimilação potencial de carbono em dosséis de espécies de braquiária

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a fotossíntese foliar, durante o período de rebrotação, e estimar a fotossíntese de dosséis de duas espécies e cinco cultivares de braquiária, com base na arquitetura foliar e no ambiente luminoso no verão e inverno. Foram avaliadas quatro cultivares de Urochloa brizantha (Marandu, Xaraés, Arapoty e Capiporã) e uma de U. decumbens (Basilisk). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram irrigadas e adubadas com 220 kg ha-1 por ano de N e K2O. Foi avaliada a taxa de assimilação de carbono nas folhas no dossel, o índice de área foliar (IAF) e a interceptação luminosa (IL). A fotossíntese foliar não variou entre cultivares ou estações, e houve assimilação de 0,91 mg m-2 s-1 de CO2 . Na fase inicial de rebrotação, o potencial fotossintético dos dosséis de verão e inverno foi baixo (0,80 mg m-2 s-1 de CO2); entretanto, dosséis forrageiros no inverno apresentaram maior aumento da assimilação de carbono por unidade de IAF. A fotossíntese de dossel, no final do período de rebrotação, foi 15% menor no inverno em comparação ao verão, e as correlações entre fotossíntese foliar e de dossel com a produção de forragem foram baixas. O IAF influencia fortemente os resultados do modelo de simulação da fotossíntese de dossel de espécies de braquiária

Morphogenetic and structural characteristics of andropogon grass submitted to different cutting heights Características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-andropógon submetido a diferentes alturas de corte

This work was performed aiming to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina species submitted to three cutting heights (20, 27 and 34 cm). The three cutting heights were allocated in experimental units (12 m²) in a complete randomized block design with three replications. The cuts were done when the light interception by the sward reached 95%. At this moment, the sward height revealed itself constant with values close to 50 cm. The lowest cutting height (20 cm) influenced negatively the final leaf blade length, the number of live leaves, the leaf lifespan, the stem elongation rate and the tiller population density, and it influenced positively the phyllochron and the leaf senescence rate. Probably, cuts at 20 cm height caused a high decapitation and death of the tillers. The worst growth conditions in addition to the blossom of this specie occurred during fall resulted in higher stem elongation rates and number of live leaves, and lower phyllochron, final leaf blade length, and leaf lifespan. The sward height can be used as a practical and efficient criterion in the management of andropogon grass. Under intermittent management conditions, the regrowth of andropogon grass must be interrupted when the sward reaches 50 cm height, and the defoliation must be interrupted when the stubble height is close to 27 cm.<br>Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais da espécie Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina, submetida a três alturas de corte (20, 27 e 34 cm). As três alturas de corte foram alocadas às unidades experimentais (12 m²) em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. Os cortes foram realizados quando a interceptação luminosa pelo dossel atingiu 95%. A altura do dossel nesse momento mostrou-se constante, com valores próximos a 50 cm. A menor altura de corte (20 cm) influenciou negativamente o comprimento final da lâmina foliar, o número de folhas vivas, a duração de vida da folha, a taxa de alongamento de colmo e a densidade populacional de perfilhos, e positivamente o filocrono e a taxa de senescência de folhas. Provavelmente, cortes a 20 cm de altura causaram elevada decapitação e morte de perfilhos. As piores condições de crescimento junto do florescimento ocorrido durante o outono resultaram em maiores taxas de alongamento de colmos e número de folhas vivas e em menor filocrono, comprimento final da lâmina foliar e duração de vida da folha. A altura do dossel pode ser utilizada como critério prático e eficiente de manejo do capim-andropógon. Em condições de manejo intermitente, a rebrotação deve ser interrompida quando o dossel atingir 50 cm de altura, e a desfolhação, quando a altura de resíduo ficar próxima de 27 cm

A genome-wide cross-phenotype meta-analysis of the association of blood pressure with migraine

Blood pressure (BP) was inconsistently associated with migraine and the mechanisms of BP-lowering medications in migraine prophylaxis are unknown. Leveraging large-scale summary statistics for migraine (Ncases/Ncontrols = 59,674/316,078) and BP (N = 757,601), we find positive genetic correlations of migraine with diastolic BP (DBP, rg = 0.11, P = 3.56 × 10−06) and systolic BP (SBP, rg = 0.06, P = 0.01), but not pulse pressure (PP, rg = −0.01, P = 0.75). Cross-trait meta-analysis reveals 14 shared loci (P ≤ 5 × 10−08), nine of which replicate (P < 0.05) in the UK Biobank. Five shared loci (ITGB5, SMG6, ADRA2B, ANKDD1B, and KIAA0040) are reinforced in gene-level analysis and highlight potential mechanisms involving vascular development, endothelial function and calcium homeostasis. Mendelian randomization reveals stronger instrumental estimates of DBP (OR [95% CI] = 1.20 [1.15–1.25]/10 mmHg; P = 5.57 × 10−25) on migraine than SBP (1.05 [1.03–1.07]/10 mmHg; P = 2.60 × 10−07) and a corresponding opposite effect for PP (0.92 [0.88–0.95]/10 mmHg; P = 3.65 × 10−07). These findings support a critical role of DBP in migraine susceptibility and shared biology underlying BP and migraine

High treatment uptake in human immunodeficiency virus/ hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients after unrestricted access to direct-acting antivirals in the Netherlands

Background The Netherlands has provided unrestricted access to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) since November 2015. We analyzed the nationwide hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment uptake among patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV. Methods Data were obtained from the ATHENA HIV observational cohort in which >98% of HIV-infected patients ever registered since 1998 are included. Patients were included if they ever had 1 positive HCV RNA result, did not have spontaneous clearance, and were known to still be in care. Treatment uptake and outcome were assessed. When patients were treated more than once, data were included from only the most recent treatment episode. Data were updated until February 2017. In addition, each treatment center was queried in April 2017 for a data update on DAA treatment and achieved sustained virological response. Results Of 23574 HIV-infected patients ever linked to care, 1471 HCV-coinfected patients (69% men who have sex with men, 15% persons who [formerly] injected drugs, and 15% with another HIV transmission route) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 87% (1284 of 1471) had ever initiated HCV treatment between 2000 and 2017, 76% (1124 of 1471) had their HCV infection cured; DAA treatment results were pending in 6% (92 of 1471). Among men who have sex with men, 83% (844 of 1022) had their HCV infection cured, and DAA treatment results were pending in 6% (66 of 1022). Overall, 187 patients had never initiated treatment, DAAs had failed in 14, and a pegylated interferon-alfa–based regimen had failed in 54. Conclusions Fifteen months after unrestricted DAA availability the majority of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients in the Netherlands have their HCV infection cured (76%) or are awaiting DAA treatment results (6%). This rapid treatment scale-up may contribute to future HCV elimination among these patients