33,366 research outputs found
Who is Willing to Pay to Keep Livestock Production Away?
Residents have opposed location of nearby livestock facilities. Illinois residents were asked how much they would be willing to pay (WTP) to stop a dairy from locating near them. Most respondents would not pay. Demographic characteristics (income, education, age, gender, agricultural interest, activism, etc.) were used to evaluate respondents WTP.Livestock Production/Industries,
On the soft X-ray spectrum of cooling flows
Strong evidence for cooling flows has been found in low resolution X-ray
imaging and spectra of many clusters of galaxies. However high resolution X-ray
spectra of several clusters from the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) on
XMM-Newton now show a soft X-ray spectrum inconsistent with a simple cooling
flow. The main problem is a lack of the emission lines expected from gas
cooling below 1--2 keV. Lines from gas at about 2--3 keV are observed, even in
a high temperature cluster such as A 1835, indicating that gas is cooling down
to about 2--3 keV, but is not found at lower temperatures. Here we discuss
several solutions to the problem; heating, mixing, differential absorption and
inhomogeneous metallicity. Continuous or sporadic heating creates further
problems, including the targetting of the heat at the cooler gas and also the
high total energy required. So far there is no clear observational evidence for
widespread heating, or shocks, in cluster cores, except in radio lobes which
occupy only part of the volume. The implied ages of cooling flows are short, at
about 1 Gyr. Mixing. or absorption, of the cooling gas are other possibilities.
Alternatively, if the metals in the intracluster medium are not uniformly
spread but are clumped, then little line emission is expected from the gas
cooling below 1 keV. The low metallicity part cools without line emission
whereas the strengths of the soft X-ray lines from the metal-rich gas depend on
the mass fraction of that gas and not on the abundance, since soft X-ray line
emission dominates the cooling function below 2 keV.Comment: 5 pages, with 2 figures, submitted to MNRA
PROMOTIONAL EFFORTS VS. ECONOMIC FACTORS AS DRIVERS OF PRODUCERS' DECISIONS TO EXPAND OR START A DAIRY
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/13/04.Farm Management,
Project apollo. ship-shore communications using radio satellite relay
Requirements for antennas, radio and terminal equipment aboard Apollo communication and tracking ships to communicate with land stations by satellite rela
Conceptual mechanization studies for a horizon definition spacecraft structures and thermal subsystem
Conceptual mechanization for horizon definition spacecraft structures and thermal subsystem - spin-stabilized, hexagonal cylinder for launch of two-stage Improved Delta /DSV-3N
Investment Analysis of Alternative Dairy Systems under MILC
Three dairy systems, 120-cow grazing, 120-cow conventional, and 600-cow concentrated, were evaluated by internal rate of return (IRR) accounting for the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC). With MILC, the grazing and conventional systems had higher IRRs. Without MILC, the 600-cow dairy had the highest IRR. Results were sensitive to assumptions.Concentrated feeding, conventional, grazing, internal rate of return, Livestock Production/Industries,
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