Comparison of Proanthocyanidins with Different Polymerisation Degrees among Berry Skins of ‘Shiraz’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, and ‘Marselan’

Proanthocyanidins in grape berries are synthesised mainly before véraison, and very little attention ispaid to the evolution of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in grapes from véraison to harvest. The present studyfocused on the changes of flavan-3-ols with different degrees of polymerisation in grape skins and thedifference in proanthocyandin composition of ‘Shiraz’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Marselan’ grapes (Vitisvinifera L.). The results show that the content of flavan-3-ols, the percentage of prodelphinidins (%P)and mean degree polymerisation (mDP) found in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ berry skins at post-véraison werehigher than those in ‘Shiraz’ and ‘Marselan’ skins. Only monomeric, dimeric, trimeric and polymericflavan-3-ols were detected in the three grape cultivars. Polymers with more than tenfold flavan-3-ol unitsaccounted for a relatively high proportion in grape berry skins, and the content in the three cultivarsdeclined continuously during ripening. Principal component analysis showed that proanthocyanidincontent, composition and mDP at grape harvest stage depended strongly on grape cultivar. This studyprovides some useful information for understanding the accumulation of PAs during berry maturationand this information can be used to improve wine quality

The induced representations of Brauer algebra and the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients of SO(n)

Induced representations of Brauer algebra $D_{f}(n)$ from $S_{f_{1}}\times S_{f_{2}}$ with $f_{1}+f_{2}=f$ are discussed. The induction coefficients (IDCs) or the outer-product reduction coefficients (ORCs) of $S_{f_{1}}\times S_{f_{2}}\uparrow D_{f}(n)$ with $f\leq 4$ up to a normalization factor are derived by using the linear equation method. Weyl tableaus for the corresponding Gel'fand basis of SO(n) are defined. The assimilation method for obtaining CG coefficients of SO(n) in the Gel'fand basis for no modification rule involved couplings from IDCs of Brauer algebra are proposed. Some isoscalar factors of $SO(n)\supset SO(n-1)$ for the resulting irrep $[\lambda_{1},~\lambda_{2},~ \lambda_{3},~\lambda_{4},\dot{0}]$ with $\sum\limits_{i=1}^{4}\lambda_{i}\leq .Comment: 48 pages latex, submitted to Journal of Phys.

Polymorphisms of the CAST gene in the Meishan and five other pig populations in China

The aim of the study was to characterize the polymorphism of the Calpastatin (CAST) gene identified with three restriction enzymes (TaqI, HinfI, MspI) in Meishan and five other pig populations, and to provide information on their potential in marker-assisted selection and conservation. Meishan pigs appeared to be monomorphic at loci CAST/HinfI and CAST/MspI. A high frequency of the favoured genotype, FF, in terms of meat quality was detected in Meishan pigs, a breed well known for high quality meat. However, the frequency of the genotype, FF, was very low in Sutai pigs, a breed developed from a Duroc (50%) × Meishan (50%) cross. This is probably partially due to the fact that genetic improvement in this breed was achieved through the use of traditional quantitative genetics. It is suggested that traditional selection techniques combined with the use of the polymorphisms discovered have an important potential to improve overall meat quality. Keywords: Polymorphism, CAST, Meishan, Sutai South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 37 (1) 2007: pp. 27-3

Tissue-specific Accumulation of Flavonoids in Grape Berries is Related to Transcriptional Expression of VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H

The products and the related gene expression of flavonoid metabolism were examined in the skin and pulpof Yan73 (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grapes, a teinturier variety cultivated in China, and the data were comparedwith those in the skin and pulp of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grapes, a well-known redvariety. The results showed that, in comparison with the skins of Cabernet Sauvignon, the skins of Yan73berries were characterised by fewer types of flavonols and anthocyanins, a higher level of flavonoids,and a much lower percentage of 3′-hydroxylated flavonols. Flavonoid metabolism was also present in thepulp of Yan73, and the percentages of 3′-hydroxylated flavonols and 3′-hydroxylated flavan-3-ols weresignificantly higher than the percentages of their corresponding 3′,5′-hydroxylated forms. Only flavan-3-ols were found in the pulp of Cabernet Sauvignon. The expression of VvmybA1 exhibited a co-ordinationwith the accumulation of anthocyanins in the pulp of the teinturier cultivar, which showed great similarityto that in the skin. A good correlation was found between the expression of VvF3′H and 3′-hydroxylatedflavonoids, as well as between the expression of VvF3′5′H and 3′,5′-hydroxylated flavonoids in the skin andpulp of the grape berries. It is suggested that tissue-specific accumulation of flavonoids in grape berries isrelated to the transcriptional expression of VvF3′H and VvF3′5′H

Simulation and forming mechanism analysis of multi-pass spinning process of deep cylinder parts

In this paper, the forming mechanism of 3103 aluminum alloy forming deep cylinder part under ten passes spinning is studied. The forming process of each step is simulated by finite element method. The distribution characteristics of equivalent stress field and strain field in forming were analyzed in detail. The influence of feed ratio on spinning force is obtained. By measuring the thickness and circularity of the final forming deep cylinder part, the final forming effect of multi-pass spinning is obtained

Simulation and forming mechanism analysis of multi-pass spinning process of deep cylinder parts

In this paper, the forming mechanism of 3103 aluminum alloy forming deep cylinder part under ten passes spinning is studied. The forming process of each step is simulated by finite element method. The distribution characteristics of equivalent stress field and strain field in forming were analyzed in detail. The influence of feed ratio on spinning force is obtained. By measuring the thickness and circularity of the final forming deep cylinder part, the final forming effect of multi-pass spinning is obtained

An empirical study on mutation testing of WS-BPEL programs

Nowadays, applications are increasingly deployed as Web services in the globally distributed cloud computing environment. Multiple services are normally composed to fulfill complex functionalities. Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (WS-BPEL) is an XML-based service composition language that is used to define a complex business process by orchestrating multiple services. Compared with traditional applications, WS-BPEL programs pose many new challenges to the quality assurance, especially testing, of service compositions. A number of techniques have been proposed for testing WS-BPEL programs, but only a few studies have been conducted to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques. Mutation testing has been widely acknowledged as not only a testing method in its own right but also a popular technique for measuring the fault-detection effectiveness of other testing methods. Several previous studies have proposed a family of mutation operators for generating mutants by seeding various faults into WS-BPEL programs. In this study, we conduct a series of empirical studies to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of various mutation operators for WS-BPEL programs. The experimental results provide insightful and comprehensive guidance for mutation testing of WS-BPEL programs in practice. In particular, our work is the systematic study in the selection of effective mutation operators specifically for WS-BPEL programs

Changes of 3-Alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in Developing Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) and Zuoshanyi (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) Grapes from North China

Changes in 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (MPs) in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) and Zuoshanyi(Vitis amurensis Rupr.) grapes from different areas of North China were monitored throughout berrydevelopment in 2010. One kind of MP, 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), was detected in CabernetSauvignon grapes, and its content in grapes from Gaotai County was much higher than in those from theother two producing areas at the stages of véraison and maturity. Zuoshanyi grapes contained much moreIBMP than Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, and an additional kind of MP, 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine(IPMP), was also detected in developing Zuoshanyi grapes. Abundant MPs might explain the stronger‘green’ and ‘herbaceous’ characters in Zuoshanyi grapes. MPs accumulated in the early developmentalstage in both Zuoshanyi and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and rapidly decreased in the later stages. Delaysin the time of harvest for Cabernet Sauvignon in Gaotai County and Zuoshanyi in Beijing are suggested inorder to reduce MPs levels and the herbaceous character of these grapes