Tribals in Tamil Nadu with Special Reference to Tribes of Pachamalai Hills

  The tribal population is identified as the aboriginal inhabitants of our country. For centuries, they have been living a simple life based on the natural environment and have developed cultural patterns congenial to their physical and social environment. References to of such tribal groups are found even in the literature on the ancient period, right from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata periods. According to L.P.Vithyarthi tribe is a social group with definite territory, common name, common descent, common culture, behaviour of an endogamous group, common taboos, and existence of distinctive social and political system, full faith in leaders and self-sufficiency in their district economy. There are approximately two hundred million tribal people in the entire globe, which means, about 4%of the global population. They are found in many regions of the world and majority of them are the poorest amongst poor. According to India’s most recent census in 2011 Schedule Tribes comprise 8.6% of the total population.  The distribution of ST populations varies widely across India’s state and territories.  In Mizoram and Lakshadweep, STs represent close to 95% of the population whereas in Kerala and Tamil Nadu STs represent only 1% of the population. Among the total ST population in India, the highest populations are found in Madhya Pradesh (14.5%) , Maharashtra (10.2%), and Orissa (9.7%). There are around 700 different tribes living across India, predominantly in remote areas: forest hills, and rough terrain in plateau areas. There is great heterogeneity across different tribal groups, including a sub- category of particularly vulnerable STs known as primitive tribes. After Indian independence, number of policies and programmes were initiated in the tribal areas, which had far reaching consequences

Barbosa et al. Reply to ``Comment on 'Secure Communication using mesoscopic coherent states', Barbosa et al, Phys Rev Lett 90, 227901", Yuan and Shields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 048901(2005)

Yuan and Shields claim that our data-encryption protocol is entirely equivalent to a classical stream cipher utilizing no quantum phenomena. Their claim is, indeed, false. Yuan and Shields also claim that schemes similar to the one presented in Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 227901 are not suitable for key generation. This claim is also refuted. In any event, we welcome the opportunity to clarify the situation for a wider audience.Comment: This is the co-published Reply to the Comment made by Z.L. Yuan and A.J. Shields published in Physical Review Letters, 94 (2005

Spinning flavour branes and fermion pairing instabilities

We consider probe Dp-branes, p=3,5,7, in global AdS_5 x S^5, rotating along an internal direction in the S^5. These are dual to strongly interacting N=4 SYM on S^3 with massless fundamental flavours, in the presence of an R-symmetry chemical potential for flavour fermions. For massless, "AdS-filling" Dp-brane embeddings at zero temperature, we find an infinite set of threshold values of the chemical potential at which instabilities are triggered. The onset of instability is always preceded by metastability of the zero density state. From the onset values of the chemical potential, we infer that unstable directions favour a homogeneous condensate of a bilinear made from fermion harmonics, or Cooper pairing. We confirm this picture both numerically and analytically. The linearized analysis showing the appearance of instabilities involves a charged scalar in global AdS space coupled to a (large) constant background gauge potential. The resulting frequency space correlator of the fermion bilinear at strong coupling displays poles in the upper half plane. In contrast, the correlator at zero coupling exhibits Pauli blocking due to occupation of states below the Fermi level, but no instabilities. The end-point of the strong coupling instability is not visible in our setup.Comment: 44 pages, 10 figures, uses late

Improved Dissolution Rate of Piroxicam by Fusion Solid Dispersion Technique

Improving oral bioavailability of drugs those given as solid dosage forms remains a challenge for the formulation scientists due to solubility  problems. The dissolution rate could be the rate-limiting process in the absorption of a drug from a solid dosage form of relatively insoluble drugs. Therefore increase in dissolution of poorly soluble drugs by solid dispersion technique presents a challenge to the formulation scientists. In the present work solid dispersed drug was prepared by Fusion technique as a novel system for enhancing the delivery of piroxicam, a non-steroidal  anti-inflammatory drug. This solid dispersed drug was prepared from polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (pharmaceutical grade), a biodegradable polymer, to obtain a solution with drug: polymer ratio of 1:5. The release rate of the piroxicam solid dispersed drug was studied in simulated gastric fluid. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to evaluate the chemical and physical nature. The results showed that the release rates were twice increased in comparison with the pure drug. However, the blend of drug and polymer could be varied to optimize the release rates depending upon the need and formulation

Constraints and Hamiltonian in Light-Front Quantized Field Theory

Self-consistent Hamiltonian formulation of scalar theory on the null plane is constructed following Dirac method. The theory contains also {\it constraint equations}. They would give, if solved, to a nonlinear and nonlocal Hamiltonian. The constraints lead us in the continuum to a different description of spontaneous symmetry breaking since, the symmetry generators now annihilate the vacuum. In two examples where the procedure lacks self-consistency, the corresponding theories are known ill-defined from equal-time quantization. This lends support to the method adopted where both the background field and the fluctuation above it are treated as dynamical variables on the null plane. We let the self-consistency of the Dirac procedure determine their properties in the quantized theory. The results following from the continuum and the discretized formulations in the infinite volume limit do agree.Comment: 11 pages, Padova University preprint DFPF/92/TH/52 (December '92

Quantum-noise--randomized data-encryption for WDM fiber-optic networks

We demonstrate high-rate randomized data-encryption through optical fibers using the inherent quantum-measurement noise of coherent states of light. Specifically, we demonstrate 650Mbps data encryption through a 10Gbps data-bearing, in-line amplified 200km-long line. In our protocol, legitimate users (who share a short secret-key) communicate using an M-ry signal set while an attacker (who does not share the secret key) is forced to contend with the fundamental and irreducible quantum-measurement noise of coherent states. Implementations of our protocol using both polarization-encoded signal sets as well as polarization-insensitive phase-keyed signal sets are experimentally and theoretically evaluated. Different from the performance criteria for the cryptographic objective of key generation (quantum key-generation), one possible set of performance criteria for the cryptographic objective of data encryption is established and carefully considered.Comment: Version 2: Some errors have been corrected and arguments refined. To appear in Physical Review A. Version 3: Minor corrections to version

Reaction of 2,2,2- Trifluoroethoxytetrachloroantimony (V) with Some Oxygen & Nitrogen Donors

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Functional Outcome of Diaphyseal Fractures of Shaft of Humerus Treated Surgically with Locking Compression Plates in Osteoporotic Bones: A Prospective study

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of humeral diaphysis constitute 3% of all the bony injuries. The uniqueness in anatomy, the fracture configuration and the significance of the region influences the treatment option. The sleeve of muscles surrounding the bone and the rich vascularity provided by them helps in fracture healing. The mobility of the shoulder and the elbow joint accommodates for a minimal degree of angulation and shortening. Moreover the limb does not take part in weight bearing or ambulation; Hence some amount of shortening is functionally acceptable. But a rotational deformity is not acceptable. There are several practical advantages to the use of locking compression plates over standard compression plates. Loss of screw purchase is an important factor related to the failure of fixation in osteo porotic bone. Fracture plating technology recently has evolved to include locked plating. The main goal is to obtain the most rigid fixation possible. Locking compression plates fixation is being evaluated for its effectiveness in the treatment of humeral diaphyseal fractures in osteoporotic bones. AIM: Prospective study on functional outcome of diaphyseal fractures of shaft of humerus treated surgically with locking compression plate in mostly osteoporotic bones at Government Royapettah Hospital, Chennai between May 2006 and September 2007. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study is an analysis of functional outcome of 20 cases of surgically managed diaphyseal fractures of shaft of humerus in mostly osteoporotic bones and in fracture non-unions undertaken at Department of orthopedics and traumatology, Government Royapettah hospital, Chennai. From May 2006 to September 2007. Among the 20 patients 12 were females and 8 patients were males. The age of the patients ranged from 53 years to 83 years. The mean age of the patients was 67.15 years. The mode of injury was fall at ground level in 12 (60%) of patients, road traffic accidents in 6 (30%) patients, fall from height in2 (10%) patients. Sixteen patients presented to us within a week after injury and 8 patients had previous treatment either in the form of native splinting, massage or POP cast. A meticulous clinical examination was made in all patients with care to look for any associated injuries. 8 patients had associated injuries ipsilateral skeletal injuries which were concomitantly treated. RESULTS: The patients were followed up at regular intervals i.e., every month during the first 3 months and every 3 months thereafter. The minimum follow up period was 6months and the maximum follow up period was 15 months. The mean follow up period in this study was 9 months. The results were evaluated during follow up by taking into consideration the following factors: 1. Pain, 2. Range of motion, 3. Strength, 4. Stability, 5. Function, 6. Reontgenographic documentation of fracture healing, 7. Anatomic restoration. Constant score: Constant and Murley’s score was used to assess the functional outcome of these patients. The results were graded by using Neer 100 units rating system. The rating system consists of 35 units for PAIN, 30 units for FUNCTION, 25 units for RANGE OF MOTION, 10 units form ANATOMY. CONCLUSION: In Osteoporosis where early rehabilitation is the key Locking Compression Plate is ideal. In large bone Locking Compression Plate offers higher weight bearing capacity than the conventional plates. An exact assessment of the severity of osteoporosis is important in allowing adequate treatment for associated pain and for decreasing the risk of future osteoporosis related fractures. In osteoporosis or poor quality bone bicortical engagement is recommended. Diaphyseal fractures of shaft of humerus in osteoporotic bone when treated surgically produce less pain, less stiffness and greater range of movement. Earlier the surgery better will be the results. In severely communited fractures where the anatomy cannot be restored without extensive soft tissue dissection, fixation with LCP gave better union and functional results. Results are best when operative method results in stable fixation that allows early passive mobilization