Statistical framework for estimating GNSS bias

We present a statistical framework for estimating global navigation satellite system (GNSS) non-ionospheric differential time delay bias. The biases are estimated by examining differences of measured line integrated electron densities (TEC) that are scaled to equivalent vertical integrated densities. The spatio-temporal variability, instrumentation dependent errors, and errors due to inaccurate ionospheric altitude profile assumptions are modeled as structure functions. These structure functions determine how the TEC differences are weighted in the linear least-squares minimization procedure, which is used to produce the bias estimates. A method for automatic detection and removal of outlier measurements that do not fit into a model of receiver bias is also described. The same statistical framework can be used for a single receiver station, but it also scales to a large global network of receivers. In addition to the Global Positioning System (GPS), the method is also applicable to other dual frequency GNSS systems, such as GLONASS (Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema). The use of the framework is demonstrated in practice through several examples. A specific implementation of the methods presented here are used to compute GPS receiver biases for measurements in the MIT Haystack Madrigal distributed database system. Results of the new algorithm are compared with the current MIT Haystack Observatory MAPGPS bias determination algorithm. The new method is found to produce estimates of receiver bias that have reduced day-to-day variability and more consistent coincident vertical TEC values.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, submitted to AM

Cation composition effects on oxide conductivity in the Zr_2Y_2O_7-Y_3NbO_7 system

Realistic, first-principles-based interatomic potentials have been used in molecular dynamics simulations to study the effect of cation composition on the ionic conductivity in the Zr2Y2O7-Y3NbO7 system and to link the dynamical properties to the degree of lattice disorder. Across the composition range, this system retains a disordered fluorite crystal structure and the vacancy concentration is constant. The observed trends of decreasing conductivity and increasing disorder with increasing Nb5+ content were reproduced in simulations with the cations randomly assigned to positions on the cation sublattice. The trends were traced to the influences of the cation charges and relative sizes and their effect on vacancy ordering by carrying out additional calculations in which, for example, the charges of the cations were equalised. The simulations did not, however, reproduce all the observed properties, particularly for Y3NbO7. Its conductivity was significantly overestimated and prominent diffuse scattering features observed in small area electron diffraction studies were not always reproduced. Consideration of these deficiencies led to a preliminary attempt to characterise the consequence of partially ordering the cations on their lattice, which significantly affects the propensity for vacancy ordering. The extent and consequences of cation ordering seem to be much less pronounced on the Zr2Y2O7 side of the composition range.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Journal of Physics: Condensed Matte

Statistical analysis of galaxy surveys — II. The three-point galaxy correlation function measured from the 2dFGRS

We present new results for the three-point correlation function, ζ, measured as a function of scale, luminosity and colour from the final version of the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS). The reduced three-point correlation function, Q3~ζ/ξ2, is estimated for different triangle shapes and sizes, employing a full covariance analysis. The form of Q3 is consistent with the expectations for the Λ cold dark matter model, confirming that the primary influence shaping the distribution of galaxies is gravitational instability acting on Gaussian primordial fluctuations. However, we find a clear offset in amplitude between Q3 for galaxies and the predictions for the dark matter. We are able to rule out the scenario in which galaxies are unbiased tracers of the mass at the 9σ level. On weakly non-linear scales, we can interpret our results in terms of galaxy bias parameters. We find a linear bias term that is consistent with unity, b1= 0.93+0.10-0.08 and a quadratic bias c2=b2/b1=-0.34+0.11-0.08. This is the first significant detection of a non-zero quadratic bias, indicating a small but important non-gravitational contribution to the three-point function. Our estimate of the linear bias from the three-point function is independent of the normalization of underlying density fluctuations, so we can combine this with the measurement of the power spectrum of 2dFGRS galaxies to constrain the amplitude of matter fluctuations. We find that the rms linear theory variance in spheres of radius 8 h−1 Mpc is σ8= 0.88+0.12-0.10, providing an independent confirmation of values derived from other techniques. On non-linear scales, where ξ > 1, we find that Q3 has a strong dependence on scale, colour and luminosit

The Angular Momentum Evolution of 0.1-10 Msun Stars From the Birthline to the Main Sequence

(Abridged) Projected rotational velocities (vsini) have been measured for a sample of 145 stars with masses between 0.4 and >10 Msun (median mass 2.1 Msun) located in the Orion star-forming complex. These measurements have been supplemented with data from the literature for Orion stars with masses as low as 0.1 Msun. The primary finding from analysis of these data is that the upper envelope of the observed values of angular momentum per unit mass (J/M) varies as M^0.25 for stars on convective tracks having masses in the range ~0.1 to ~3 Msun. This power law extends smoothly into the domain of more massive stars (3 to 10 Msun), which in Orion are already on the ZAMS. This result stands in sharp contrast to the properties of main sequence stars, which show a break in the power law and a sharp decline in J/M with decreasing mass for stars with M <2 Msun. A second result of our study is that this break is seen already among the PMS stars in our Orion sample that are on radiative tracks, even though these stars are only a few million years old. A comparison of rotation rates seen for stars on either side of the convective-radiative boundary shows that stars do not rotate as solid bodies during the transition from convective to radiative tracks.Comment: to appear in Ap

Probing dark matter haloes with satellite kinematics

Using detailed mock galaxy redshift surveys (MGRSs) we investigate to what extent the kinematics of large samples of satellite galaxies extracted from flux-limited surveys can be used to constrain halo masses. Unlike previous studies, which focused only on satellites around relatively isolated host galaxies, we try to recover the average velocity dispersion of satellite galaxies in all haloes, as a function of the luminosity of the host galaxy. We show that previous host-satellite selection criteria (SC) yield relatively large fractions of interlopers and with a velocity distribution that, contrary to what has been assumed in the past, differs strongly from uniform. We show that with an iterative, adaptive selection criterion one can obtain large samples of hosts and satellites, with strongly reduced interloper fractions, that allow an accurate measurement of σsat(Lhost) over 2.5 orders of magnitude in host luminosity. We use the conditional luminosity function (CLF) to make predictions and show that satellite weighting, which occurs naturally when stacking many host-satellite pairs to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, introduces a bias towards higher σsat(Lhost) compared to the true, host-averaged mean. A further bias, in the same direction, is introduced when using flux-limited, rather than volume-limited, surveys. We apply our adaptive selection criterion to the Two Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) and obtain a sample of 12 569 satellite galaxies and 8132 host galaxies. We show that the kinematics of these satellite galaxies are in excellent agreement with the predictions based on the CLF, after taking account of the various biases. We thus conclude that there is independent dynamical evidence to support the mass-to-light ratios predicted by the CLF formalis

The abundance and radial distribution of satellite galaxies

Using detailed mock galaxy redshift surveys (MGRSs) we investigate the abundance and radial distribution of satellite galaxies. The mock surveys are constructed using large numerical simulations and the conditional luminosity function (CLF), and are compared against data from the Two Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS). We use Monte Carlo Markov chains to explore the full posterior distribution of the CLF parameter space, and show that the average relation between light and mass is tightly constrained and in excellent agreement with our previous models and with that of Vale & Ostriker. The radial number density distribution of satellite galaxies in the 2dFGRS reveals a pronounced absence of satellites at small projected separations from their host galaxies. This is (at least partly) owing to the overlap and merging of galaxy images in the 2dFGRS parent catalogue. Owing to the resulting close-pair incompleteness we are unfortunately unable to put meaningful constraints on the radial distribution of satellite galaxies; the data are consistent with a radial number density distribution that follows that of the dark matter particles, but we cannot rule out alternatives with a constant number density core. Marginalizing over the full CLF parameter space, we show that in a ΛCDM concordance cosmology the observed abundances of host and satellite galaxies in the 2dFGRS indicate a power spectrum normalization of σ8 ⋍ 0.7. The same cosmology but with σ8= 0.9 is unable to match simultaneously the abundances of host and satellite galaxies. This confirms our previous conclusions based on the pairwise peculiar velocity dispersions and the group multiplicity functio