Peak Oil:Die Herausforderung lokaler Erdölabhängigkeit am Beispiel Münster

Das Erdölzeitalter neigt sich dem Ende zu – daran ändern auch Schieferöle, Agrartreibstoffe oder Verfahren wie das Fracking langfristig nichts. Einer Gruppe von Studierenden an der Uni Münster ging die wissenschaftliche, politische und gesellschaftliche Beschäftigung mit dieser Herausforderung zu langsam. Aus diesem Grund initiierte sie 2012 eigenständig ein interdisziplinäres Peak-Oil-Seminar und begleitete Studierende dabei, in gesellschaftsrelevanten Sektoren der Energieversorgung, des Transports, der lokalen Wirtschaft, der Ernährung, der Gesundheit und der privaten Haushalte eigene Fragestellungen zu entwickeln und diesen nachzugehen. Das Ergebnis ist ein Bericht, der am Beispiel Münster die Brisanz und Aktualität knapper werdender Ressourcen herausstreicht, der die Wichtigkeit der lokalen, vorausschauenden und freiwillig-kreativen Verringerung der Öl-Abhängigkeit hervorhebt und der nicht zuletzt eine Lanze bricht für Formate transformativen und offenen Forschens und Handelns. <br

In Vitro Effect Of Low-level Laser Therapy On Typical Oral Microbial Biofilms

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of specific parameters of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans or an association of both species. Single and dual-species biofilms - SSB and DSB - were exposed to laser doses of 5, 10 or 20 J/cm 2 from a near infrared InGaAsP diode laser prototype (LASERTable; 780 ± 3 nm, 0.04 W). After irradiation, the analysis of biobilm viability (MTT assay), biofilm growth (cfu/mL) and cell morphology (SEM) showed that LLLT reduced cell viability as well as the growth of biofilms. The response of S. mutans (SSB) to irradiation was similar for all laser doses and the biofilm growth was dose dependent. However, when associated with C. albicans (DSB), S. mutans was resistant to LLLT. For C. albicans, the association with S. mutans (DSB) caused a significant decrease in biofilm growth in a dose-dependent fashion. The morphology of the microorganisms in the SSB was not altered by LLLT, while the association of microbial species (DSB) promoted a reduction in the formation of C. albicans hyphae. LLLT had an inhibitory effect on the microorganisms, and this capacity can be altered according to the interactions between different microbial species.226502510Marques, M.M., Pereira, A.N., Fujihara, N.A., Nogueira, F.N., Eduardo, C.P., Effect of low-power laser irradiation on protein synthesis and ultrastructure of human gingival fibroblasts (2004) Lasers Surg Med, 34, pp. 260-265Damante, C.A., de Micheli, G., Miyagi, S.P.H., Feist, I.S., Marques, M.M., Effect of laser phototherapy on the release of fibroblast growth factors by human gingival fibroblasts (2009) Lasers Med Sci, 24, pp. 885-891Moritz, A., Schoop, U., Goharkhay, K., Schauer, P., Doertbudak, O., Wernisch, J., Treatment of periodontal pockets with a diode laser (1998) Lasers Surg Med, 22, pp. 302-311Nussbaum, E.L., Lilge, L., Mazzulli, T., Effects of 630-, 660-, 810-, and 905-nm laser irradiation delivering radiant exposure of 1-50 J/cm 2 on three species of bacteria in vitro (2002) J Clin Laser Med Surg, 20, pp. 325-333Nussbaum, E.L., Lilge, L., Mazzulli, T., Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) of 810 nm upon in vitro growth of bacteria: Relevance of irradiance and radiant exposure (2003) J Clin Laser Med Surg, 21, pp. 283-290Lino, M.D.M.C., Carvalho, F.B., Oliveira, L.R., Magalhães, E.B., Pinheiro, A.L.B., Ramalho, L.M.P., Laser phototherapy as a treatment for radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis (2011) Braz Dent J, 22, pp. 162-165Maver-Biscanin, M., Mravak-Stipetic, M., Jerolimov, V., Biscanin, A., Fungicidal effect of diode laser irradiation in patients with denture stomatitis (2004) Lasers Surg Med, 35, pp. 259-262Dworkin, M., Endogenous photosensitization in a carotinoidless mutant of Rhodopseudomonas speroides (1958) J Gen Physiol, 43, pp. 1099-1112Rosenberg, B., Kemeny, G., Switzer, R.C., Hamilton, T.C., Quantitative evidence for protein denaturation as the cause of thermal death (1971) Nature, 232, pp. 471-473Krespi, Y.P., Kizhner, V., Nistico, L., Hall-Stoodley, L., Stoodley, P., Laser disruption and killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms (2011) Am J Otolaryngol, 32, pp. 198-202Shirtliff, M.E., Peters, B.M., Jabra-Rizk, M.A., Cross-kingdom interactions: Candida albicans and bacteria (2009) FEMS Microbiol Lett, 299, pp. 1-8Pereira-Cenci, T., Deng, D.M., Kraneveld, E.A., Manders, E.M.M., del Bel, C.A.A., ten Cate, J.M., The effect of Streptococcus mutans and Candida glabrata on Candida albicans biofilms formed on different surfaces (2008) Arch Oral Biol, 53, pp. 755-764Marsh, P.D., Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease (1994) Adv Dent Res, 8, pp. 263-271Karkowska-Kuleta, J., Rapala-Kozik, M., Kozik, A., Fungi pathogenic to humans: Molecular bases of virulence of Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus (2009) Acta Biochim Pol, 56, pp. 211-224Thein, Z.M., Samaranayake, Y.H., Samaranayake, L.P., Dietary sugars, serum and the biocide chlorhexidine digluconate modify the population and structural dynamics of mixed Candida albicans and Escherichia coli biofilms (2007) APMIS, 115, pp. 1241-1251Kwieciński, J., Eick, S., Wójcik, K., Effects of tea tre (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil on Staphylococcus aureus in biofilms and stationary phase (2009) Int J Antimicrob Agents, 33, pp. 343-347Wang, Z.C., Fan, L.Y., Jiang, J.Q., Cai, W., Ding, Y., Study on the counting of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium colorimetric method (2010) Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 28, pp. 306-310Nguyen, P.T.M., Abranches, J., Phan, T., Marquis, R.E., Repressed respiration of oral Streptococci grow in biofilms (2002) Curr Microbiol, 44, pp. 262-266Singleton, S., Treloar, R., Warren, P., Watson, G.K., Hodgson, R., Allison, C., Methods for microscopic characterization of oral biofilms: Analysis of colonization, microstructure, and molecular transport phenomena (1997) Adv Dent Res, 11, pp. 133-149Jarosz, L.M., Deng, D.M., van der Mei, H.C., Crielaard, W., Krom, B.P., Streptococcus mutans competence-stimulating peptide inhibits Candida albicans hypha formation (2009) Eukaryot Cell, 8, pp. 1658-1664Dortbudak, O., Haas, R., Bernhart, T., Mailath-Pokorny, G., Lethal photosensitization for decontamination of implant surface in the treatment of peri-implantitis (2001) Clin Oral Implant Res, 12, pp. 104-10

Metamaterial-Enhanced Nonlinear Terahertz Spectroscopy

We demonstrate large nonlinear terahertz responses in the gaps of metamaterial split ring resonators in several materials and use nonlinear THz transmission and THz-pump/THz-probe spectroscopy to study the nonlinear responses and dynamics. We use the field enhancement in the SRR gaps to initiate high-field phenomena at lower incident fields. In vanadium dioxide, we drive the insulator-to-metal phase transition with high-field THz radiation. The film conductivity increases by over two orders of magnitude and the phase transition occurs on a several picosecond timescale. In gallium arsenide, we observe high-field transport phenomena, including mobility saturation and impact ionization. The carrier density increases by up to ten orders of magnitude at high fields. At the highest fields, we demonstrate THz-induced damage in both vanadium dioxide and gallium arsenide.United States. Dept. of Energy (DOE-BES, grant DE-FG02- 09ER46643)United States. Office of Naval Research (ONR Grant No. N00014-09-1-1103

Genetic Polymorphism Of Streptococcus Mutans Strains Associated With Incomplete Caries Removal

Aim: Despite the antibacterial properties of dental materials, the survival of residual bacteria under restorations has been demonstrated after incomplete caries removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from deep dentinal lesions before and three months after incomplete caries removal. Methods: Samples of carious dentin were collected from 33 primary and/or permanent molars before and after indirect pulp treatment and processed for microbiological isolation of mutans streptococci (MS). After three months of the dental treatment, positive cultures for MS were detected in only ten of these teeth. DNA of MS isolates were obtained and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification of S mutans. The arbitrary primed-PCR method (primer OPA-13) was used to detect the genetic polymorphism of S. mutans strains. Results: Identical or highly related S. mutans genotypes were observed in each tooth, regardless of the collect. Considering each tooth separately, a maximum of nine genotypic patterns were found in each tooth from all the collects. In addition, at least one genotypic pattern was repeated in the three collects. Genetic diversity was observed among the S. mutans isolates, obtained from different teeth after three months of the dental treatment. Conclusions: The persistence of identical genotypic patterns and the genetic similarity among the isolates, from the same tooth in distinct collects, showed the resistance of some S. mutans strains after incomplete caries removal treatment.8128Bowden, G.H.W., Hamilton, I.R., Survival of oral bacteria (1998) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 9, pp. 54-85Cvitkovitch, D.G., Genetic competence and transformation in oral streptococci (2001) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 12, pp. 217-243Fejerskov, O., Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease (1997) Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 25, pp. 5-12Coykendall, A.L., Classification and identification of the viridans streptococci (1989) Clin Microbiol Rev, 2, pp. 315-328Loesche, W.J., Role of Streptococcus mutans in dental decay (1986) Microbiol Rev, 50, pp. 353-380Quivey, R.G., Kuhnert, W.L., Hahn, K., Genetics of acid adaptation in oral streptococci (2001) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 12, pp. 301-314Homer, K.A., Patel, R., Beighton, D., Effects of N-acetylglucosamine on carbohydrate fermentation by Streptococcus mutans NT 10449 and Streptococcus sobrinus SL-1 (1993) Infect Immun, 61, pp. 295-302Abranches, J., Chen, Y.Y., Burne, R.A., Galactose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, pp. 6047-6052Arthur, R.A., Tabchoury, C.P., Mattos-Graner, R.O., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Paes Leme, A.F., Vale, G.C., Genotypic diversity of S. mutans in dental biofilm formed in situ under sugar stress exposure (2007) Braz Dent J, 18, pp. 185-191Saarela, M., Hannula, J., Mättö, J., Asikainen, S., Alaluusua, S., Typing of mutans streptococci by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (1996) Arch Oral Biol, 41, pp. 821-826Redmo Emanuelsson, I., Wang, X.M., Demonstration of identical strains of mutans streptococci within Chinese families by genotyping (1998) Eur J Oral Sci, 106, pp. 788-794Grönroos, L., Alaluusua, S., Site-specific oral colonization of mutans streptococci detected by arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting (2000) Caries Res, 34, pp. 474-480Spolidorio, D.M.P., Höfling, J.F., Pizzolitto, A.C., Rosa, E.A., Negrini, T.C., Spolidorio, L.C., Genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans in Brazilian family members (2003) Braz J Microbiol, 34, pp. 213-217Napimoga, M.H., Kamiya, R.U., Rosa, R.T., Rosa, E.A., Höfling, J.F., Mattos-Graner, R.O., Genotypic diversity and virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans in caries-free and caries-active individuals (2004) J Med Microbiol, 53, pp. 697-703Paddick, J.S., Brailsford, S.R., Kidd, E.A., Beighton, D., Phenotypic and genotypic selection of microbiota surviving under dental restorations (2005) Appl Environ Microbiol, 71, pp. 2467-2472Truong, T.L., Ménard, C., Mouton, C., Trahan, L., Identification of mutans and other oral streptococci by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (2000) J Med Microbiol, 49, pp. 63-71Alaluusua, S., Mättö, J., Grönroos, L., Innilä, S., Torkko, H., Asikainen, S., Oral colonization by more than one clonal type of mutans streptococcus in children with nursing-bottle dental caries (1996) Arch Oral Biol, 41, pp. 167-173Nascimento, M.M., Höfling, J.F., Gonçalves, R.B., Streptococcus mutans genotypes isolated from root and coronal caries (2004) Caries Res, 38, pp. 454-463Bjorndal, L., Larsen, T., Thylstrup, A., A clinical and microbiological study of deep carious lesions during stepwise excavation using long treatment intervals (1997) Caries Res, 31, pp. 411-417Kreulen, C.M., de Soet, J.J., Weerheijm, K.L., van Amerongen, W.E., In vivo cariostatic effect of resin modified glass ionomer and amalgam on dentine (1997) Caries Res, 31, pp. 384-389Weerheijm, K.L., Kreulen, C.M., de Soet, J.J., Groen, H.J., van Amerongen, W.E., Bacterial counts in carious dentine under restorations: 2-years in vivo effects (1999) Caries Res, 33, pp. 130-134Davey, A.L., Rogers, A.H., Multiple types of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans in the human mouth and their intra-family transmission (1984) Arch Oral Biol, 29, pp. 453-460Nociti F.H., Jr., Cesco de Toledo, R., Machado, M.A., Stefani, C.M., Line, S.R., Gonçalves, R.B., Clinical and microbiological evaluation of ligature-induced peri-implantitis and periodontitis in dogs (2001) Clin Oral Implants Res, 12, pp. 295-300Oho, T., Yamashita, Y., Shimazaki, Y., Kushiyama, M., Koga, T., Simple and rapid detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in human saliva by polymerase chain reaction (2000) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 15, pp. 258-262Castillo, A., Rubiano, S., Gutiérrez, J., Hermoso, A., Liébana, J., Post-pH effect in oral streptococci (2000) Clin Microbiol Infect, 6, pp. 142-146Duque, C., Negrini, T.deC., Hebling, J., Spolidorio, D.M., Inhibitory activity of glass-ionomer cements on cariogenic bacteria (2005) Oper Dent., 30, pp. 636-640Robinson, W.G., Old, L.A., Shah, D.S.H., Russell, R.R., Chromosomal insertions and deletions in Streptococcus mutans (2003) Caries Res, 37, pp. 148-156Hohwy, J., Reinholdt, J., Kilian, M., Population dynamics of Streptococcus mitis in its natural habitat (2001) Infect Immun, 69, pp. 6055-6063Dowson, C.G., Barcus, V., King, S., Pickerill, P., Whatmore, A., Yeo, M., Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of resistance and virulence determinants in Streptococcus (1997) Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser, 26, pp. 42S-51SPerry, D., Wondrack, L.M., Kuramitsu, H.K., Genetic transformation of putative cariogenic properties in Streptococcus mutans (1983) Infect Immun, 41, pp. 722-727Chansley, P.E., Kral, T.A., Transformation of fluoride resistance genes in Streptococcus mutans (1989) Infect Immun, 57, pp. 1968-1970Murchison, H.H., Barrett, J.F., Cardineau, G.A., Curtiss, R., Transformation of Streptococcus mutans with chromosomal and shuttle plasmid (pYA629) DNAs (1986) Infect Immun, 54, pp. 273-282Kuramitsu, H.K., Trapa, V., Genetic exchange between oral streptococci during mixed growth (1984) J Gen Microbiol, 130, pp. 2497-2500Li, Y.H., Lau, P.C., Lee, J.H., Ellen, R.P., Cvitkovitch, D.G., Natural genetic transformation of Streptococcus mutans growing in biofilms (2001) J Bacteriol, 183, pp. 897-908Klein, M.I., Flório, F.M., Pereira, A.C., Höfling, J.F., Gonçalves, R.B., Longitudinal study of transmission, diversity and stability of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus genotypes in Brazilian nursery children (2004) J Clin Microbiol, 42, pp. 4620-4626Lindquist, B., Emilson, C.G., Colonization of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus genotypes and caries development in children to mothers harboring both species (2004) Caries Res, 38, pp. 95-103Mattos-Graner, R.O., Li, Y., Caufield, P.W., Duncan, M., Smith, D.J., Genotypic diversity of mutans streptococci in Brazilian nursery children suggests horizontal transmission (2001) J Clin Microbiol, 39, pp. 2313-231