577 research outputs found
Radio Observations of Infrared Luminous High Redshift QSOs
We present Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz of a
sample of 12 Quasi-stellar Objects (QSOs) at z = 3.99 to 4.46. The sources were
selected as the brightest sources at 250 GHz from the recent survey of Omont et
al. (2001). We detect seven sources at 1.4 GHz with flux densities, S_{1.4} >
50 microJy. These centimeter (cm) wavelength observations imply that the
millimeter (mm) emission is most likely thermal dust emission. The
radio-through-optical spectral energy distributions for these sources are
within the broad range defined by lower redshift, lower optical luminosity
QSOs. For two sources the radio continuum luminosities and morphologies
indicate steep spectrum, radio loud emission from a jet-driven radio source.
For the remaining 10 sources the 1.4 GHz flux densities, or limits, are
consistent with those expected for active star forming galaxies. If the radio
emission is powered by star formation in these systems, then the implied star
formation rates are of order 1e3 M_solar/year. We discuss the angular sizes and
spatial distributions of the radio emitting regions, and we consider briefly
these results in the context of co-eval black hole and stellar bulge formation
in galaxies.Comment: to appear in the A
High Redshift Quasars and Star Formation in the Early Universe
In order to derive information on the star formation history in the early
universe we observed 6 high-redshift (z=3.4) quasars in the near-infrared to
measure the relative iron and \mgii emission strengths. A detailed comparison
of the resulting spectra with those of low-redshift quasars show essentially
the same FeII/MgII emission ratios and very similar continuum and line spectral
properties, indicating a lack of evolution of the relative iron to magnesium
abundance of the gas since z=3.4 in bright quasars. On the basis of current
chemical evolution scenarios of galaxies, where magnesium is produced in
massive stars ending in type II SNe, while iron is formed predominantly in SNe
of type Ia with a delay of ~1 Gyr and assuming as cosmological parameters H_o =
72 km/s Mpc, Omega_M = 0.3, and Omega_Lambda = 0.7$, we conclude that major
star formation activity in the host galaxies of our z=3.4 quasars must have
started already at an epoch corresponding to z_f ~= 10, when the age of the
universe was less than 0.5 Gyrs.Comment: 29 pages, 5 figures, ApJ in pres
NICMOS Images of the GG Tau Circumbinary Disk
We present deep, near-infrared images of the circumbinary disk surrounding
the pre-main-sequence binary star, GG Tau A, obtained with NICMOS aboard the
Hubble Space Telescope. The spatially resolved proto-planetary disk scatters
roughly 1.5% of the stellar flux, with a near-to-far side flux ratio of ~1.4,
independent of wavelength, and colors that are comparable to the central
source; all of these properties are significantly different from the earlier
ground-based observations. New Monte Carlo scattering simulations of the disk
emphasize that the general properties of the disk, such as disk flux, near side
to far side flux ratio and integrated colors, can be approximately reproduced
using ISM-like dust grains, without the presence of either circumstellar disks
or large dust grains, as had previously been suggested. A single parameter
phase function is fitted to the observed azimuthal variation in disk flux,
providing a lower limit on the median grain size of 0.23 micron. Our analysis,
in comparison to previous simulations, shows that the major limitation to the
study of grain growth in T Tauri disk systems through scattered light lies in
the uncertain ISM dust grain properties. Finally, we use the 9 year baseline of
astrometric measurements of the binary to solve the complete orbit, assuming
that the binary is coplanar with the circumbinary ring. We find that the
estimated 1 sigma range on disk inner edge to semi-major axis ratio, 3.2 <
Rin/a < 6.7, is larger than that estimated by previous SPH simulations of
binary-disk interactions.Comment: 40 pages, 8 postscript figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Detection of CO (2-1) and Radio Continuum Emission from the z = 4.4 QSO BRI 1335-0417
We have detected redshifted CO (2-1) emission at 43 GHz and radio continuum
emission at 1.47 and 4.86 GHz from the z = 4.4 QSO BRI 1335-0417 using the Very
Large Array. The CO data imply optically thick emission from warm (>30 K)
molecular gas with a total mass, M(H_2), of 1.5+/-0.3 x10^{11} M_solar, using
the Galactic gas mass-to-CO luminosity conversion factor. We set an upper limit
to the CO source size of 1.1", and a lower limit of 0.23"x(T_ex/50K)^{-1/2},
where T_ex is the gas excitation temperature. We derive an upper limit to the
dynamical mass of 2x10^{10} x sin^{-2} i M_solar, where i is the disk
inclination angle. To reconcile the gas mass with the dynamical mass requires
either a nearly face-on disk (i < 25deg), or a gas mass-to-CO luminosity
conversion factor significantly lower than the Galactic value. The spectral
energy distribution from the radio to the rest-frame infrared of BRI 1335-0417
is consistent with that expected from a nuclear starburst galaxy, with an
implied massive star formation rate of 2300+/-600 M_solar yr^{-1}.Comment: standard AAS LATEX forma
The Hall instability of thin weakly-ionized stratified Keplerian disks
The stratification-driven Hall instability in a weakly ionized polytropic
plasma is investigated in the local approximation within an equilibrium
Keplerian disk of a small aspect ratio. The leading order of the asymptotic
expansions in the aspect ratio is applied to both equilibrium as well as the
perturbation problems. The equilibrium disk with an embedded purely toroidal
magnetic field is found to be stable to radial, and unstable to vertical
short-wave perturbations. The marginal stability surface is found in the space
of the local Hall and inverse plasma beta parameters, as well as the free
parameter of the model which is related to the total current through the disk.
To estimate the minimal values of the equilibrium magnetic field that leads to
instability, the latter is constructed as a sum of a current free magnetic
field and the simplest approximation for magnetic field created by a
distributed electric current.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figure
Molecular line radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks: Monte Carlo simulations versus approximate methods
We analyze the line radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks using several
approximate methods and a well-tested Accelerated Monte Carlo code. A low-mass
flaring disk model with uniform as well as stratified molecular abundances is
adopted. Radiative transfer in low and high rotational lines of CO, C18O, HCO+,
DCO+, HCN, CS, and H2CO is simulated. The corresponding excitation
temperatures, synthetic spectra, and channel maps are derived and compared to
the results of the Monte Carlo calculations. A simple scheme that describes the
conditions of the line excitation for a chosen molecular transition is
elaborated. We find that the simple LTE approach can safely be applied for the
low molecular transitions only, while it significantly overestimates the
intensities of the upper lines. In contrast, the Full Escape Probability (FEP)
approximation can safely be used for the upper transitions (J_{\rm up} \ga 3)
but it is not appropriate for the lowest transitions because of the maser
effect. In general, the molecular lines in protoplanetary disks are partly
subthermally excited and require more sophisticated approximate line radiative
transfer methods. We analyze a number of approximate methods, namely, LVG, VEP
(Vertical Escape Probability) and VOR (Vertical One Ray) and discuss their
algorithms in detail. In addition, two modifications to the canonical Monte
Carlo algorithm that allow a significant speed up of the line radiative
transfer modeling in rotating configurations by a factor of 10--50 are
described.Comment: 47 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
High resolution imaging of molecular line emission from high redshift QSOs
We present moderate (1'') and high resolution (0.2'') observations of the
CO(2-1) emission at 43 GHz, and radio continuum emission at 1.47 GHz, from the
z=4.7 QSO BRI 1202-0725 and the z=4.4 QSO BRI 1335--0417 using the Very Large
Array. The moderate resolution observations show that in both cases the CO
emission is spatially resolved into two components separated by 1'' for
1335-0417 and 4'' for 1202-0725. The high resolution observations show that
each component has sub-structure on scales of 0.2'' to 0.5'', with intrinsic
brightness temperatures > 20K. The CO ladder from (2-1) up to (7-6) suggests a
high kinetic temperature for the gas (70 K), and a high column density (10^{24}
cm^{-2}). In both sources the continuum-to-line ratio: L_{FIR}/L'_{CO(1-0)} =
335. All these characteristics (brightness temperature, excitation temperature,
column density, and continuum-to-line ratio) are comparable to conditions found
in low redshift, ultra-luminous nuclear starburst galaxies. We find that the CO
emitting regions in 1202-0725 and 1335-0417 must be close to face-on in order
to avoid having the gas mass exceed the gravitational mass, implying perhaps
unreasonably large rotational velocities. While this problem is mitigated by
lowering the CO luminosity-to-H_2 mass conversion factor (X), the required X
values become comparable to, or lower than, the minimum values dictated by
optically thin CO emission. We considered the possibility of magnification by
gravitational lensing in order to reduce the molecular gas masses.Comment: aastex 12 postscript figures. to appear in the Astronomical Journa
Molecular Gas in the Lensed Lyman Break Galaxy cB58
We have used the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer to map CO(3-2) emission
from the gravitationally lensed Lyman break galaxy MS1512-cB58. This is the
first detection of a molecular emission line in any Lyman break system; its
integrated intensity implies a total molecular gas mass of 6.6e9 Msun, while
its width implies a dynamical mass of 1.0e10 csc^2i Msun (for a flat Lambda=0.7
cosmology). These estimates are in excellent concordance with nearly all
parameters of the system measured at other wavelengths, and yield a consistent
picture of past and future star formation with no obvious discrepancies
requiring explanation by differential lensing. In particular, we find that the
age and remaining lifetime of the current episode of star formation are likely
to be similar; the surface densities of star formation and molecular gas mass
are related by a Schmidt law; and the fraction of baryonic mass already
converted into stars is sufficient to account for the observed enrichment of
the interstellar medium to 0.4 Zsun. Barring substantial gas inflow or a major
merger, the stars forming in the current episode will have mass and coevality
at z=0 similar to those of a spiral bulge. Assuming cB58 is a typical Lyman
break galaxy apart from its magnification, its global parameters suggest that
the prescriptions for star formation used in some semi-analytic models of
galaxy evolution require moderate revision, although the general prediction
that gas mass fraction should increase with redshift is validated. [abridged]Comment: 41 pages, 6 figures, accepted by Ap
Sensitive Radio Observations of High Redshift Dusty QSOs
We present sensitive radio continuum imaging at 1.4 GHz and 4.9 GHz of seven
high redshift QSOs selected for having a 240 GHz continuum detection, which is
thought to be thermal dust emission. We detect radio continuum emission from
four of the sources: BRI 0952-0115, BR 1202-0725, LBQS 1230+1627B, and BRI
1335-0417. The radio source in BR 1202-0725 is resolved into two components,
coincident with the double mm and CO sources. We compare the results at 1.4 GHz
and 240 GHz to empirical and semi-analytic spectral models based on star
forming galaxies at low redshift. The radio-to-submm spectral energy
distribution for BR 1202-0725, LBQS 1230+1627B, and BRI 1335-0417 are
consistent with that expected for a massive starburst galaxy, with implied
massive star formation rates of order 1000 solar masses per year (without
correcting for possible amplification by gravitational lensing). The
radio-to-submm spectral energy distribution for BRI 0952-0115 suggests a
low-luminosity radio jet source driven by the AGN.Comment: 12 pages, Latex emulateapj format, including 1 table and 3 figures.
The Astrophysical Journal, to appear in the January 2000 issu
Assessment of Damage to Nucleic Acids and Repair Machinery in Salmonella typhimurium Exposed to Chlorine
Water disinfection is usually evaluated using mandatory methods based on cell culturability. However, such methods do not consider the potential of cells to recover, which should also be kept as low as possible. In this paper, we hypothesized that a successful disinfection is achieved only when the applied chlorine leads to both intracellular nucleic acid damage and strong alterations of the DNA repair machinery. Monitoring the SOS system responsiveness with a umuC’-‘lacZ reporter fusion, we found that the expression of this important cellular machinery was altered after the beginning of membrane permeabilization but prior to the total decline of both the cell culturability and the nucleic acid integrity as revealed by Sybr-II staining. Rapid measurement of such nucleic acid alterations by fluorochrome-based staining could be used as an alternative method for assessing the effectiveness of disinfection with chlorine
- …