c-di-AMP: An essential molecule in the signaling pathways that regulate the viability and virulence of gram-positive bacteria

Signal transduction pathways enable organisms to monitor their external environment and adjust gene regulation to appropriately modify their cellular processes. Second messenger nucleotides including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (c-GMP), cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), and cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) play key roles in many signal transduction pathways used by prokaryotes and/or eukaryotes. Among the various second messenger nucleotides molecules, c-di-AMP was discovered recently and has since been shown to be involved in cell growth, survival, and regulation of virulence, primarily within Gram-positive bacteria. The cellular level of c-di-AMP is maintained by a family of c-di-AMP synthesizing enzymes, diadenylate cyclases (DACs), and degradation enzymes, phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Genetic manipulation of DACs and PDEs have demonstrated that alteration of c-di-AMP levels impacts both growth and virulence of microorganisms. Unlike other second messenger molecules, c-di-AMP is essential for growth in several bacterial species as many basic cellular functions are regulated by c-di-AMP including cell wall maintenance, potassium ion homeostasis, DNA damage repair, etc. c-di-AMP follows a typical second messenger signaling pathway, beginning with binding to receptor molecules to subsequent regulation of downstream cellular processes. While c-di-AMP binds to specific proteins that regulate pathways in bacterial cells, c-di-AMP also binds to regulatory RNA molecules that control potassium ion channel expression in Bacillus subtilis. c-di-AMP signaling also occurs in eukaryotes, as bacterially produced c-di-AMP stimulates host immune responses during infection through binding of innate immune surveillance proteins. Due to its existence in diverse microorganisms, its involvement in crucial cellular activities, and its stimulating activity in host immune responses, c-di-AMP signaling pathway has become an attractive antimicrobial drug target and therefore has been the focus of intensive study in several important pathogens

ELECTRE I Method Using Hesitant Linguistic Term Sets: An Application to Supplier Selection

Decision making is a common process in human activities. Every person or organization needs to make decisions besides dealing with uncertainty and vagueness associated with human cognition. The theory of fuzzy logic provides a mathematical base to model the uncertainities. Hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) creates an appropriate method to deal with uncertainty in decision making. Managerial decision making generally implies that decision making process conducts multiple and conflicting criteria. Multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a widely applied decision making method. Outranking methods are one type of MCDA methods which facilitate the decision making process through comparing binary relations in order to rank the alternatives. Elimination et Choix Traduisant la Réalité (ELECTRE), means elimination and choice that translates reality, is an outranking method. In this paper, an extended version of ELECTRE I method using HFLTS is proposed. Finally, a real case problem is provided to illustrate the HFLTS-ELECTRE I method

Comment on "Quantum Key Distribution in the Holevo Limit"

In a Letter, Cabello proposed a quantum key distribution (QKD) Protocol which attended to Holevo limit. In this comment, we show that Eve could use a simple plan to distinguish among quantum keys, without being detected by Alice and Bob. In following, we show that our approach is not restricted to Cabello Protocol. With attention to our Eavesdropping approach, it seems that Mor's arguments for no-cloning principal for orthogonal states is not general enough to avoid eavesdropping.Comment: REVTeX4, 1 page, no figure, A. Cabello Reply, Physical Review Letters 100, 018902 (2008

Rancang Bangun Jaringan Ad Hoc Berbasis Radio Paket Pada Kanal Frekuensi Tinggi Untuk Layanan Data Telemedika

Sistem layanan data telemedika konvensional di Indonesia selama ini masih dilakukan secara manual yaitu paper based document. Dengan adanya teknologi berbasis radio paket yang gratis ini dapat membantu tim medis puskesmas mengirim pesan ke pusat informasi (dinas kesehatan setempat) lalu dikirim ulang ke puskesmas lainnya secara cepat untuk kebutuhan pengiriman data berukuran kecil berupa teks. Untuk merealisasikan sistem layanan data telemedika bagi puskesmas di daerah terpencil, maka digunakan sistem komunikasi ad hoc. Oleh karena itu dirancang protokol ad hoc yang sesuai karakteristik komunikasi paket radio beserta interface layanan data telemedika dalam bentuk program laporan rekam medis wabah mingguan. Dilakukan pengujian kanal HF Surabaya dan Lawang dengan mengirim sinyal carrier dengan daya 49,03 dBm sehingga level SNR audio yang diterima sebesar -4,293 dB. Dan juga dilakukan pengujian protokol mode point-to-point dan ad hoc pada kanal VHF di sekitar kampus ITS Surabaya berupa mekanisme route discovery, route cache, pengiriman data telemedika dan ACK/NAK serta pengiriman variasi jumlah karakter U. Dari pengujian kanal VHF tersebut diperoleh batas maksimal pengiriman pesan kontinyu setiap 3 detik dengan payload 140 karakter U untuk 3 node adalah 158 Byte tiap pengiriman pesan

PENGARUH KODE ETIK PROFESI TERHADAP PROFESIONALISME KINERJA STAF TENAGA KEPENDIDIKAN DI MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH NEGERI 5 KARAWANG

Pengaruh kode etik profesi adalah salah satu indikator dalam sebuah keprofesionalan kineja terutama terhadap tenaga kependidikan disebuah Lembaga Pendidikan sebab tenaga kependidikan yang profesional dan menegakkan kode etik profesi dalam melakasanakan tugas dapat memberikan dampak positif bagi Lembaga tersebut maka Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 5 Karawang sebagai madrasah yang unggul di kota Karawang harus menegakkan kode etik profesi dan profesionalisme yang baik dalam melakasanakan tugas sebagai tenaga kependidikan, Peneliti melakukan penelitian mengunakan metode kuantitatif guna untuk mengetahui hubungan erat antara kode etik profesi dengan profesionalisme kinerja adapun Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan peneliti adalah observasi, penyebaran angket, uji korelasi, uji validitas, uji koefesien determinasi, uji hipotesis  hasil penelitian yang didapati menyatakan bahawa kode etik profesi sangat erat hubungannya terhadap profesionalisme kinerja mencakup 61,8% dengan analisis data menggunakan uji koefesien determinasi, Sedangkan dalam analisis menggunakan uji korelasi menyatakan nilai singnifikasi 0,173 > 0,05  dikarenakan seluruh tenaga kependidikan di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 5 Karawang sudah terverfikasi dalam kode etik profesi dan profesionalisme kinerj