Schooling and Poor Children in 19th-Century America

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68138/2/10.1177_000276429203500307.pd

Relationships, love and sexuality: what the Filipino teens think and feel

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In order to achieve a change among teens' sexual behavior, an important step is to improve our knowledge about their opinions concerning relationships, love and sexuality.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A questionnaire including topics on relationships, love and sexuality was distributed to a target population of 4,000 Filipino students from third year high school to third year college. Participants were obtained through multi-stage sampling of clusters of universities and schools. This paper concentrates on teens aged 13 to 18.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Students reported that they obtained information about love and sexuality mainly from friends. However, they valued parents' opinion more than friends'. They revealed few conversations with their parents on these topics. A majority of them would like to have more information, mainly about emotion-related topics. Almost half of respondents were not aware that condoms are not 100% effective in preventing STIs or pregnancies. More girls, compared to boys, were sensitive and opposed to several types of sexism. After adjusting for sex, age and institution, the belief of 100% condom effectiveness and the approval of pornography and sexism were associated with being sexually experienced.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>There is room for further encouraging parents to talk more with their children about sexuality, specially aspects related to feelings and emotions in order to help them make better sexual choices. Indeed, teens wish to better communicate with their parents on these issues. Condoms are regarded as safer than what they really are by almost half of the participants of this study, and such incorrect knowledge seems to be associated with sexual initiation.</p

Sociocultural and epidemiological aspects of HIV/AIDS in Mozambique

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A legacy of colonial rule coupled with a devastating 16-year civil war through 1992 left Mozambique economically impoverished just as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic swept over southern Africa in the late 1980s. The crumbling Mozambican health care system was wholly inadequate to support the need for new chronic disease services for people with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To review the unique challenges faced by Mozambique as they have attempted to stem the HIV epidemic, we undertook a systematic literature review through multiple search engines (PubMed, Google Scholar™, SSRN, AnthropologyPlus, AnthroSource) using Mozambique as a required keyword. We searched for any articles that included the required keyword as well as the terms 'HIV' and/or 'AIDS', 'prevalence', 'behaviors', 'knowledge', 'attitudes', 'perceptions', 'prevention', 'gender', drugs, alcohol, and/or 'health care infrastructure'.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>UNAIDS 2008 prevalence estimates ranked Mozambique as the 8^thmost HIV-afflicted nation globally. In 2007, measured HIV prevalence in 36 antenatal clinic sites ranged from 3% to 35%; the national estimate of was 16%. Evidence suggests that the Mozambican HIV epidemic is characterized by a preponderance of heterosexual infections, among the world's most severe health worker shortages, relatively poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS in the general population, and lagging access to HIV preventive and therapeutic services compared to counterpart nations in southern Africa. Poor education systems, high levels of poverty and gender inequality further exacerbate HIV incidence.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Recommendations to reduce HIV incidence and AIDS mortality rates in Mozambique include: health system strengthening, rural outreach to increase testing and linkage to care, education about risk reduction and drug adherence, and partnerships with traditional healers and midwives to effect a lessening of stigma.</p

Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography and 3-D Shear Wave Velocity Inversion in the Afar Depression and the Conjugate Margins of the Southern Red Sea

The Afar Depression is a unique place on Earth where continental break-up and ongoing rifting process can be studied using subaerial geophysical technics. Using data collected by more than 100 stations deployed in the course of 6 spatially and temporarily overlapping seismic projects in Ethiopia, Yemen and Djibouti, in addition to data from global and regional seismic stations in the surrounding areas, we focus on the evolution of the crustal and uppermost mantle structures over the last 25 million years within the Afar Depression but also on the conjugate margins of the southern Red Sea. To do so, we performed an ambient noise tomography to obtain (7 to 35 sec) 2-D phase velocity maps of western Yemen and Afar. The phase velocity measurements are then used to invert 3-D shear wave velocity for the upper 50 km of the lithosphere. The 2-D phase velocity results correlate well with the known surface and sub-surface geological and tectonic units of the rift. Low velocity anomalies are concentrated along the axial volcanic systems, rift flanks and sedimentary basins. The high velocity zones are associated with granitic intrusions and are interpreted as the presence of underplating material. The 3-D shear wave velocity results shows that the crustal thickness decreases from the Ethiopian uplifted plateaus (30-45 km), to Central Afar (~24-27 km) with a minimum of ~17 km beneath the southern part of the Danakil depression. Neither flat Moho nor sharp discontinuity could be identified within the upper 50 km depth beneath Afar. However, a smooth transition from the lower crust velocity (~3.6\ub10.1 km/s) to an anomalous upper part of the Mantle (~3.8\ub10.1 km/s) is evidenced. On the western Yemen side of the rift, the crustal thickness decreases from ~35 km beneath the plateau to ~22-26 km below the coastal plain, reaching westward~10 km beneath the Red Sea axial trough north of 14\ub0N