Data for Figure 2

Columns in data file contain - evoplas (evolved plasticity), iniplas (initial plasticity), as well as - evoplassd and - iniplassd (standard deviations pooled here for three biological and three technical replicates). clade - A,B,C,D - clade as found by ITS sequences

Data for Figure 1

Description: columns in csv file contain data as follows: ecotype - lineage of Ostreococccus. Initial plasticity - plasticity as measured at t0. Response - fitness response as measured at t400. for calculation see main manuscript and SI. whichresp - indicates whether response was measured in ancestral or selection environment. sdini and sdresp are standard deviations for plasticity at t0 and fitness response at t400 respectively. Here, they are pooled for 3 biological and 3 technical replicates. clade - clade A,B,C,D based on ITS sequences. year and culturing for year of isolation and culturing method at the Roscoff culture collection respectively. wherefrom: sampling depth as factor. Pst0 and growtht0 - are photosynthesis and growth rates at t0 (foldchange PS and foldchangegrowth are foldchanges thereof). Figure legend: (a–d) Lineages with higher ancestral plasticity evolve more. Direct and correlated responses to selection plotted as a function of plasticity in oxygen evolution rates before evolution (ancestral plasticity). For all panels (a–d), different shapes represent mean values for each lineages ± 1 s.e. For each lineage n = 3. Dashed line indicates no response to selection. Panel (a) (selection in FH, assay at 1000 ppm CO2): ancestral plasticity in FH evolved lineages predicts up to 47% of the evolutionary response (F2,13 = 210.67, p < 0.001). FH populations evolve slow growth in response to high pCO2. Panel (b) (selection in SH, assay at 1000 ppm CO2): with no selection for plasticity, a linear relationship using ancestral plasticity as the only explaining variable is not statistically significant (p = 0.63). Still, most lineages evolve lower growth rates (range from −0.31 to −0.08, mean −0.15 ± 0.12). Panel (c) (selection in FH, assay at 430 ppm CO2): ancestral plasticity is a significant nonlinear predictor of the correlated response to selection (F2,13 = 563.38, p < 0.0001). Lineages from FH increased their growth rate at ambient pCO2 the most when their ancestral plasticity was high (increase in growth of 0.12–0.30, mean 0.19 ± 0.05). Panel (d) (selection in SH, assay at 430 ppm CO2): lineages selected in SH had a negative correlated response, and the relationship between ancestral plasticity and the correlated response to selection was significant (F2,13 = 22.28, p < 0.01), though best described by a nonlinear fit (p-values and r2 reported on the panels are for linear regression)

data for Figure 3

Data in columns is organised as follows: growthdif - foldchange difference of growth rate in selection environment compared to control environment. selected assay - selection environment and assay environment, e.g. 1000fluc 1000ppm lineages have been selected at fluctuating 1000ppm CO2 (FH in main manuscript) and were measured at 1000ppm CO2 (mean ppm in their selection environment). ecotype - lineage of Ostreococcus . forwhat - trait considered. Here, growth rate. hl - high or low pCO2. ls - long term or short term response

There is a marked threshold in changes in out-of-burrow activity in the polychaete <i>Hediste</i><i>diversicolor</i> in response to increasingly flounder (Platichthys flesus) conditioned seawater.

<p>For up to four predatory juvenile <i>P</i>. <i>flesus</i> in a water tank supplying the polychaete tank, monitored out of burrow behaviour was not significantly different from that found in control animals. For five or more predators in the supplying water tank, polychaete behaviour changed markedly (H. <i>diversicolor</i> were less active). a) mean number of emergences per night. Adding five or more significantly reduced the number of emergence events (from 31.5 ± 7.71 to 2.15 ± 0.48 b) mean duration of emergences was reduced (from 5.45 ± 0.2 seconds to 1.41 ± 0.15 seconds) when water was conditioned with five or more <i>P</i>. <i>flesus</i>; c) mean maximum distance of emergences changed markedly (from 2.55 ± 0.13 cm to 2.04 ± 0.07 cm) when there were five or more <i>P</i>. <i>flesus</i> in the supplying water tank. Recordings were made over 5 consecutive nights (dark phase 10 h). N=16 per treatment with means ± standard deviation.</p

Most aspects of out-of-burrow activity in the polychaete <i>Hediste</i><i>diversicolor</i> decrease in response to seawater spiked with increasing concentrations of mucous from flounder (Platichthys flesus), herring (Clupea harengus) and plaice (Pleuronestes platessa): a) mean number of emergences decreases with no significant difference between fish species; b) mean duration of emergences decreases.

<p>There are no significant differences between fish species; c) mean maximum distance of emergences decreases for all fish species used. However, the reduction in emergence distance in animals receiving water spiked with mucous from pelagic herring is significantly less marked. Recordings were made over 3 consecutive nights (dark phase 10 h). N=16 per treatment with means ± standard deviation. </p

Out-of-burrow activity in the polychaete <i>Hediste</i><i>diversicolor</i> decreases more gradually in response to increasing levels of mucous from flounder (Platichthys flesus) spiked sea water.

<p>We added mucous taken from <i>P</i>. <i>flesus</i> directly to the polychaete tank. Final mucous concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1.2 µg per ml seawater. Behavioural changes in monitored traits in <i>H</i>. <i>diversicolor</i> occurred from a concentration of 0.4 µg/ml onwards and were generally more gradual than for the life predator experiments. a) Mean number of emergences for control and mucous concentrations below 0.4 µg/ml (40.33 ± 2.52) were reduced to 1.3 ± 0.18 for the highest amounts of mucous; b) mean duration of emergences was at its lowest for the two highest concentrations tested (1.38 ± 0.03 seconds); c) mean maximum distance of emergences: For mucous concentrations higher than or equal to 1 µg/ml, there was a significant reduction of foraging distance (average 1.55 ± 0.01 cm). Recordings were made over 3 consecutive nights (dark phase 10 h). N=16 per treatment with means ± standard deviation.</p