FROM HIGH-FIDELITY NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF A LIQUID-FILM ATOMIZATION TO A REGIME CLASSIFICATION

High-fidelity numerical simulations of spray formation were conducted with the aim of improving fundamental understanding of airblast liquid-film atomization. The gas/liquid interaction in the near-nozzle region is investigated for a multitude of operating conditions in order to extrapolate phenomenological and breakup predictions. To reach this goal, the robust conservative level-set (RCLS) method was used. For a fixed prefilmer geometry, we performed a parametric study on the impact of various liquid and gas velocities on the topological evolution of the liquid interface. The behavior and development of the liquid film is found to be influenced mainly by the relative inertia of the gas and the liquid, the liquid surface tension, and interfacial shear stresses. Preliminary regime maps predicting the prefilming liquid-sheet atomization behavior are constructed based on our numerical results. Three distinct types of “regime” are reported: accumulation, ligament-merging, and three-dimensional wave mode. In addition, these results also show the influence of vortex action and rim-driven dynamics on the breakup mechanism at the atomizer edge. An increase in liquid injection speed leads to the generation of smaller droplets; whereas, an increase in air velocity does not point to one simple conclusion

The Influence of Galactic Cosmic Rays on Ion-Neutral Hydrocarbon Chemistry in the Upper Atmospheres of Free-Floating Exoplanets

Cosmic rays may be linked to the formation of volatiles necessary for prebiotic chemistry. We explore the effect of cosmic rays in a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, as a proof-of-concept that ion-neutral chemistry may be important for modelling hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. In order to accomplish this, we utilize Monte Carlo cosmic ray transport models with particle energies of $10^6$ eV $< E < 10^{12}$ eV in order to investigate the cosmic ray enhancement of free electrons in substellar atmospheres. Ion-neutral chemistry is then applied to a Drift-Phoenix model of a free-floating giant gas planet. Our results suggest that the activation of ion-neutral chemistry in the upper atmosphere significantly enhances formation rates for various species, and we find that C$_2$H$_2$, C$_2$H$_4$, NH$_3$, C$_6$H$_6$ and possibly C$_{10}$H are enhanced in the upper atmospheres because of cosmic rays. Our results suggest a potential connection between cosmic ray chemistry and the hazes observed in the upper atmospheres of various extrasolar planets. Chemi-ionization reactions are briefly discussed, as they may enhance the degree of ionization in the cloud layer.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures. Accepted to the International Journal of Astrobiolog

Collision damping in the pi 3He -> d'N reaction near the threshold

We present a simple quantum mechanical model exploiting the optical potential approach for the description of collision damping in the reaction pi 3He -> d'N near the threshold, which recently has been measured at TRIUMF. The influence of the open d'N -> NNN channel is taken into account. It leads to a suppression factor of about ten in the d' survival probability. Applications of the method to other reactions are outlined.Comment: RevTeX4, 14 pages, 3 Postscript figures, uses epsfig.sty, to appear in Phys.Rev.

Search for Narrow NNpi Resonances in Exclusive p p -> p p pi+ pi- Measurements

Narrow structures in the range of a few MeV have been searched for in p p pi+ and p p pi- invariant mass spectra obtained from exclusive measurements of the p p -> p p pi+ pi- reaction at Tp = 725, 750 and 775 MeV using the PROMICE/WASA detector at CELSIUS. The selected reaction is particularily well suited for the search for NN and / or N Delta decoupled dibaryon resonances. Except for a possible fluctuation at 2087 MeV/c^2 in Mpppi- no narrow structures could be identified neither in Mpppi+ nor in Mpppi- on the 3 sigma level of statistical significance, giving an upper limit (95% C.L.) for dibaryon production in this reaction of sigma < 20 nb for 2020 MeV/c^2 < m(dibaryon) < 2085 MeV/c^2Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure

Changes in breast cancer survivors\u27 prayer from before diagnosis to currently: a pilot study

The purpose of this pilot study is to compare the frequency, length, types, and experiences of prayer for breast cancer survivors before they were diagnosed and currently. Using the Cancer Survivor Prayer Scale (CSPS), survivors had a statistically significant (p \u3c .05) increase in types of prayer, prayer experiences, and the closeness in their relationship with God. The main themes in the written responses were feelings of permanence regarding God\u27s love, strong trust in God, feeling comforted during treatment by God and people, and requesting specific answers to prayers. The significant findings of this study demonstrate a need for further research into the prayer practices of breast cancer survivors and expansion of the study to a larger, more diverse sample

D' Production in Heavy Ion Collisions

The production of d' dibaryons in heavy ion collisions due to the elementary process NN -> d' + pion is considered. The cross section NN -> d' + pion is estimated using the vacuum d' width = 0.5 MeV extracted from data on the double charge exchange reactions on nuclei. The d' production rate per single collision of heavy ions is estimated at an incident beam energy of 1 A GeV within the framework of the Quantum Molecular Dynamics transport model. We suggest to analyse the invariant mass spectrum of the NN + pion system in order to search for an abundance of events with the invariant mass of the d' dibaryon. The d' peak is found to exceed the statistical fluctuations of the background at a level of 6 standard deviations for 2 10^5 A central collisions of heavy ions with the atomic number A.Comment: 29 pages including 7 figures, REVTe

Three-body decay of the d* dibaryon

Under certain circumstances, a three-body decay width can be approximated by an integral involving a product of two off-shell two-body decay widths. This ``angle-average'' approximation is used to calculate the $\pi NN$ decay width of the $d^*(J^\pi=3^+, T=0)$ dibaryon in a simple $\Delta^2$ model for the most important Feynman diagrams describing pion emissions with baryon-baryon recoil and meson retardation. The decay width is found to be about 0.006 (0.07, 0.5) MeV at the $d^*$ mass of 2065 (2100, 2150) MeV for input dynamics derived from the Full Bonn potential. The smallness of this width is qualitatively understood as the result of the three-body decay being ``third forbidden''. The concept of $\ell$ forbiddenness and the threshold behavior of a three-body decay are further studied in connection with the $\pi NN$ decay of the dibaryon $d'(J^\pi=0^-, T=0 or 2)$ where the idea of unfavorness has to be introduced. The implications of these results are briefly discussed.Comment: 15 pages, RevTeX, two-column journal style, six figure

Theoretical Description of the pd -> pd eta Reaction Near Threshold

The contributions of three different types of driving terms are included in the estimation of the pd -> pd eta reaction at low energies. Near threshold, it is predicted that a two-step model involving an intermediate pion should be the most important but, as the energy approaches the threshold for eta production in the free nucleon--nucleon reaction, a pick-up mechanism with a spectator proton should become dominant. The total cross sections are underestimated by about a factor of two compared to experimental data but the discrepancies in the angular distributions are more serious, with no sign in the data for the peaks corresponding to the pick--up diagram

Conceptualizing Restorative Justice for People with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison or Jail

Individuals with psychiatric disabilities who are involved in the criminal justice system face a number of challenges to community integration upon release. There is a critical need to develop and evaluate interventions for these individuals that connect them to the community by enhancing naturalistic social connections and helping them to participate meaningfully in valued roles. The purposes of this article are to describe, provide a theoretical rationale, and propose a conceptual model for the use of a particular restorative justice model, circles of support and accountability, to meet this need. We describe the principles of restorative justice (repairing harm, stakeholder involvement, and the transformation of community and governmental roles and relationships) and how these map on to elements of the circles intervention. These elements include a focus on community participation, positive social support, democratic decision making, collective ownership of crime problems, and connection to community-based resources. We then suggest how changes in identity transformation, moral development and motivation, and collective efficacy might mediate relationships between these intervention elements and community integration outcomes. Finally, we encourage the systematic evaluation of the circles intervention for people with mental health conditions leaving custody and provide recommendations for policy and practice

Hard bremsstrahlung in the pp -> pp gamma reaction

The pp -> pp gamma reaction has been measured at a beam energy of 310 MeV by detecting both final protons in the PROMICE-WASA facility and identifying a missing-mass peak. For those events where the pp excitation is less than 3 MeV, the final diproton is almost purely in the 1S0 state and, under these conditions, there is complete coverage in the photon c.m. angle theta_gamma. The linear behaviour observed in cos^2(theta_gamma) shows that there is almost no influence of an E2 multipole at this energy, though the E1 and M2 must be rather similar in size.Comment: An error in Eq.(1) is corrected. The conclusions of the paper are not changed in any significant way. Phys.Lett.B 673 (2009) 5 + erratum to appea