Toward Prevention of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Preschoolers’ Knowledge of Genital Body Parts

This study examined preschool children’s knowledge of their genital and non-genital body parts. Results indicated that almost all preschool children knew the correct terms for their non-genital body parts, but few knew the correct terminology for their genitals. The importance of this skill in preventing childhood sexual abuse is discussed

Robust autoresonant excitation in the plasma beat-wave accelerator: a theoretical study

A modified version of the Plasma Beat-Wave Accelerator scheme is introduced and analyzed, which is based on autoresonant phase-locking of the nonlinear Langmuir wave to the slowly chirped beat frequency of the driving lasers via adiabatic passage through resonance. This new scheme is designed to overcome some of the well-known limitations of previous approaches, namely relativistic detuning and nonlinear modulation or other non-uniformity or non-stationarity in the driven Langmuir wave amplitude, and sensitivity to frequency mismatch due to measurement uncertainties and density fluctuations and inhomogeneities

5AtRabD2b and AtRabD2c have overlapping functions in pollen development and pollen tube growth

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rab GTPases are important regulators of endomembrane trafficking, regulating exocytosis, endocytosis and membrane recycling. Many Rab-like proteins exist in plants, but only a subset have been functionally characterized.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we report that AtRabD2b and AtRabD2c play important roles in pollen development, germination and tube elongation. <it>AtrabD2b </it>and <it>AtrabD2c </it>single mutants have no obvious morphological changes compared with wild-type plants across a variety of growth conditions. An <it>AtrabD2b/2c </it>double mutant is also indistinguishable from wild-type plants during vegetative growth; however its siliques are shorter than those in wild-type plants. Compared with wild-type plants, <it>AtrabD2b/2c </it>mutants produce deformed pollen with swollen and branched pollen tube tips. The shorter siliques in the <it>AtrabD2b/2c </it>double mutant were found to be primarily due to the pollen defects. <it>AtRabD2b </it>and <it>AtRabD2c </it>have different but overlapping expression patterns, and they are both highly expressed in pollen. Both AtRabD2b and AtRabD2c protein localize to Golgi bodies.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings support a partially redundant role for AtRabD2b and AtRabD2c in vesicle trafficking during pollen tube growth that cannot be fulfilled by the remaining AtRabD family members.</p