Preschool hyperactivity specifically elevates long-term mental health risks more strongly in males than females: a prospective longitudinal study through to young adulthood

Evidence of continuities between preschool hyperactivity and adult mental health problems highlight the potential value of targeting early identification and intervention strategies. However, specific risk factors are currently unclear. This large-scale prospective longitudinal study aimed to identify which hyperactive preschoolers are at greatest long-term risk of poor mental health. One hundred and seventy children (89 females) rated as hyperactive by their parents and 88 non-hyperactive controls (48 females) were identified from a community sample of 4,215 3 year-olds. Baseline data relating to behavioral/emotional problems and background characteristics were collected. Follow-up mental health and functional impairment outcomes were collected between 14 and 25 years of age. At age 3 years, males and females in the hyperactive group had similarly raised levels of hyperactivity and other behavior problems. In adolescence/young adulthood, these individuals showed elevated symptoms of ADHD, conduct disorder, mood disorder, anxiety and autism, as well as functional impairment. Preschool hyperactivity was strongly predictive of poor adolescent/adult outcomes for males across domains with effects being specifically driven by hyperactivity. For females, the effects of preschool hyperactivity were smaller and dropped to non-significant levels when other preschool problems were taken into account. Environmental risk factors also differed between the sexes, although these may also have been mediated by genetic risk. In conclusion, these results demonstrate marked sex differences in preschool predictors of later adolescent/adult mental health problems. Future research should include a measure of preschool inattention as well hyperactivity. The findings highlight the potential value of tailored approaches to early identification strategies

Enhanced properties of an AA7075 based metal matrix composite prepared using mechanical alloying

In this study, firstly, AA7075 metal powder which average particle size 43.9 µm were manufactured by using gas atomization method. Thereafter with mechanical alloying method which powder metallurgy manufacturing methods, 10% B4C particle reinforcements that average particle size of 49.5 µm by participating into AA7075 metal matrix composite powder mixtures were prepared. They were milled for different durations (0-8 hrs) in a high energy planetary ball mill. From these milled powders; 550°C and under pressure 500 MPa, composite materials were produced by the method of hot pressing. In SEM analysis, after 4 hrs with mechanical alloying method, B4C particles which were homogenously distrubuted into the matrix of AA7075 were seen. Powders size increased to 1 hr and then decrease. In order to determine produced composite material's microstructural properties SEM analysis and determine physical and mechanical properties, density test and hardness test was applied. As a result of the experiments, composite density increased to 1 hr and then decrease. The hardness of composite was increased with increasing milling time and the rate of reinforcement

Effects of Leptin on Intestinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury

Many clinical conditions such as shock, sepsis, mesenteric thrombosis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bowel transplantation can cause intestinal ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. This study was designed to determine the effects of leptin on intestinal IR injury. Thirty rats were divided into three groups, each containing ten rats: group A (IR group), group B (treatment group), and group C (sham group). After 1 h of intestinal ischemia, the clamp was removed in order to perform reperfusion. In group B, 100 mg/kg leptin was administered subcutaneously 30 min before reperfusion. In groups A and C, 0.1 ml physiologic saline was injected. In group A, serum and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly decreased, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased compared to sham group (p < 0.05). Histopathologic injury was significantly lower in sham group compared to group A. In group B, serum and tissue malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), but serum and tissue NO levels were significantly increased compared to group A (p < 0.05). Histopathologic injury was significantly lower in group B compared to group A (p < 0.05). The results of the present study demonstrated that leptin decreases intestinal IR injury by increasing NO production, rearranging mucosal blood flow, and inhibiting polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration