Dez notas sobre uso de fontes na pesquisa histórica: sentidos, dilemas e desafios

Este texto tem como objetivo contribuir para a formação superior deinvestigadores em História por intermédio da socialização de um conjunto de dez sintéticas notas sobre o trabalho com fontes históricas em atividades pedagógicas de natureza diversa (ensino, pesquisa, extensão). Inicialmente faço um relato sobre as atividades acadêmicas com as quais sigo envolvido nos últimos 15 anos. Em seguida, apresento as dez notas referidas. E, a modo de contribuição, termino o ensaio com referências que poderão colaborar para futuras reflexões sobre o uso da documentação no processo de produção do conhecimento em História

Mobile laminar air flow screen for additional operating room ventilation: reduction of intraoperative bacterial contamination during total knee arthroplasty

Background Surgical site infections are important complications in orthopedic surgery. A mobile laminar air flow (LAF) screen could represent a useful addition to an operating room (OR) with conventional turbulent air ventilation (12.5 air changes/h), as it could decrease the bacterial count near the operating field. The purpose of this study was to evaluate LAF efficacy at reducing bacterial contamination in the surgical area during 34 total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). Materials and methods The additional unit was used in 17 operations; the LAF was positioned beside the operating table between two of the surgeons, with the air flow directed towards the surgical area (wound). The whole team wore conventional OR clothing and the correct hygiene procedures and rituals were used. Bacterial air contamination (CFU/m3) was evaluated in the wound area in 17 operations with the LAF unit and 17 without the LAF unit. Results The LAF unit reduced the mean bacterial count in the wound area from 23.5 CFU/m3 without the LAF to 3.5 CFU/m3 with the LAF (P<0.0001), which is below the suggested limit for anORwith ultraclean laminar ventilation. There were no significant differences in the mean bacterial count in the instrument table area: 28.6 CFU/m3 were recorded with the LAF (N = 6) unit and 30.8 CFU/m3 (N = 6) without the LAF unit (P = 0.631). During six operations with LAF and six without LAF, particle counts were performed and the number of 0.5 lm particles was analyzed. The particle counts decreased significantly when the LAF unit was used (P = 0.003). Conclusion When a mobile LAF unit was added to the standard OR ventilation, bacterial contamination of the wound area significantly decreased to below the accepted level for an ultraclean OR, preventing SSI infections

Modeling the brown eye spot sampling in arabica coffee.

Coffee production has a great socioeconomic importance for Brazil. It generates direct and indirect jobs, and foreign exchange, with Brazilian Arabica coffee production estimated between 42 - 46 million bags (60 kg) in 2020. It is the main agribusiness activity in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil with expected production between 13 - 15 million bags, and around 30% of this production is Arabica coffee. Technologies are recommended to coffee growers to increase yield, and production of specialty coffees on sustainable properties. Among the principles of integrated management is the monitoring of pests and diseases to determine the level of pest control. The estimate of the number of leaves to be sampled in the monitoring becomes an important tool to increase the accuracy of the obtained information. This research was carried out aiming to determine the minimum number of leaves necessary to evaluate the infestation of brown eye spot (BES) of coffee in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) without affecting the accuracy of the collection method. It was observed that the estimate of the minimum number for sampling was 46 leaves for the characteristics of incidence, and severity of BES in Arabica coffee. The modeling applied in this study allows to conclude that it is possible to recommend an optimum number of Arabica coffee leaves for these edaphoclimatic conditions, and variety, and it can serve as a basis for monitoring in an integrated pest and disease management program in Arabica coffee

Sendai five years on: reflections on the role of international law in the creation and reduction of disaster risk

This article offers a critical examination of the position of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 within international law. It is argued that any interrogation into the role of international law must begin not with existing disaster risk reduction (DRR) laws and policies, but rather with an enquiry into the nature of disaster risk and the role of international law in its creation and reduction. It is demonstrated how, while areas such as international human rights law can be utilized to enforce obligations in support of DRR, other areas – in particular international investment law – actively work to undermine DRR efforts. In order for international law to be a productive tool in the reduction of disaster risk international lawyers must engage with critical work in disaster studies in order to explore the role that the former has played – and can play – in creating and addressing hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities

Identification and characterization of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations

The cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp., affect cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. The recombinant Rhipicephalus microplus Bm86 antigen has been shown to protect cattle against tick infestations. However, variable efficacy of Bm86-based vaccines against geographic tick strains has encouraged the research for additional tick-protective antigens. Herein, we describe the analysis of R. microplus glutathione-S transferase, ubiquitin (UBQ), selenoprotein W, elongation factor-1 alpha, and subolesin (SUB) complementary DNAs (cDNAs) by RNA interference (RNAi) in R. microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus. Candidate protective antigens were selected for vaccination experiments based on the effect of gene knockdown on tick mortality, feeding, and fertility. Two cDNA clones encoding for UBQ and SUB were used for cattle vaccination and infestation with R. microplus and R. annulatus. Control groups were immunized with recombinant Bm86 or adjuvant/saline. The highest vaccine efficacy for the control of tick infestations was obtained for Bm86. Although with low immunogenic response, the results with the SUB vaccine encourage further investigations on the use of recombinant subolesin alone or in combination with other antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. The UBQ peptide showed low immunogenicity, and the results of the vaccination trial were inconclusive to assess the protective efficacy of this antigen. These experiments showed that RNAi could be used for the selection of candidate tick-protective antigens. However, vaccination trials are necessary to evaluate the effect of recombinant antigens in the control of tick infestations, a process that requires efficient recombinant protein production and formulation systems

Dez notas sobre uso de fontes na pesquisa histórica: sentidos, dilemas e desafios

Este artículo tiene como finalidad contribuir a la formación superior de los investigadores en Historia por medio de la socialización de un conjunto de diez sintéticos apuntes sobre el trabajo con las fuentes históricas en distintas actividades pedagógicas (enseñanza, investigación, extensión). Primeramente, hago un informe respecto las actividades académicas con las cuales me he involucrado en los últimos quince años. A continuación, presento los dichos diez apuntes. Y, a modo de contribución, cierro el artículo ofreciendo unas bibliografías cuyo examen atento podrá contribuir a las futuras reflexiones sobre el uso de la documentación en el proceso de producción del conocimiento en Historia.Este texto tem como objetivo contribuir para a formação superior deinvestigadores em História por intermédio da socialização de um conjunto de dez sintéticas notas sobre o trabalho com fontes históricas em atividades pedagógicas de natureza diversa (ensino, pesquisa, extensão). Inicialmente faço um relato sobre as atividades acadêmicas com as quais sigo envolvido nos últimos 15 anos. Em seguida, apresento as dez notas referidas. E, a modo de contribuição, termino o ensaio com referências que poderão colaborar para futuras reflexões sobre o uso da documentação no processo de produção do conhecimento em História.This paper aims to contribute to the higher education of history researchers through the socialization of a set of ten synthetic notes about working with historical sources in pedagogic activities of several types (teaching, researching, university extension). Firstly, I do a report about the academic activities that I have been involved in the last fifteen years. After that, I present the ten notes. And, in order to contribute, I finish this article offering some bibliographies whose careful study may contribute to new reflections about the use of documentation in the process of historical knowledge production