Inferring Environmental Change in Estuaries from Plant Macrofossils

Aquatic plants are critical components of estuarine ecosystems supporting biodiversity and a range of ecosystem services such as sediment stabilisation and denitrification. However, estuarine plants, similar to their freshwater counterparts, are in decline and under threat. The examination of remains of aquatic plants in sediment records can document the fate of the plants themselves, along with numerous natural and anthropogenic changes in estuaries, including those associated with relative sea level change, pollution and habitat degradation. In comparison with other proxies, the use of macrofossils in estuaries is in its relative infancy. However, many approaches to the examination of plant macrofossils can be utilised from the freshwater domain where a number of advances have been made, particularly in the past decade

Will I? won't I? Why do men who have sex with men present for post-exposure prophylaxis for sexual exposures?

Background: Failures of post-exposure prophylaxis following sexual exposure (PEPSE) to prevent seroconversion have been reported and are often associated with ongoing risk exposure. Understanding why men who have sex with men (MSM) access PEPSE on some occasions and not others may lead to more effective health promotion and disease prevention strategies Methods: A qualitative study design using semi-structured interviews of 15 MSM within 6 months of them initiating PEPSE treatment at an HIV outpatient service in Brighton, UK. Results: PEPSE seeking was motivated by a number of factors: an episode that related to a particular sexual partner and their behaviour; the characteristics of the venue where the risk occurred; the respondent’s state of mind and influences of alcohol and recreational drug use; and their perceived beliefs on the effectiveness of PEPSE. Help was sought in the light of a “one-off” or “unusual” event. Many respondents felt they were less likely to behave in a risky manner following PEPSE. Conclusion: If PEPSE is to be effective as a public health measure, at risk individuals need to be empowered to make improved risk calculations from an increased perception that they could be exposed to HIV if they continue their current behaviour patterns. The concern is that PEPSE was sought by a low number of MSM implying that a greater number are not using the service based on failure to make accurate risk calculations or recognise high-risk scenario

Conservation value of non-Broads lakes in Norfolk: determining what is known

Recent research (e.g. Sayer et al., 2008; Wood et al., 2003) has highlighted an urgent need to consider ornamental and other man-make shallow lakes as potential sites for nature conservation. In Norfolk such lakes have survived the ravages of eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) better than the Norfolk Broads due to their smaller catchments in the upper reaches of river systems. As a consequence many of them (particularly some ornamental lakes, but probably many gravel-pits), still support species-rich communities of aquatic plants (and probably invertebrates), including, in some cases, substantial populations of Characeae. For this reason these lakes are very much worthy of nature conservation

Examining the Reasons for and Barriers to Becoming a Police Officer

With ever-growing tension between police and the community, both police organizations and communities are recognizing the need and working toward increased representation in police organizations (Brunson, 2007; Szeto, 2014). Despite the effort of many police organizations over the years, the problem of underrepresentation has not improved (Jordan, Fridell, Fagiani, & Kubu, 2009). It has become clear that there is something that has yet to be identified and/or studied preventing underrepresented populations from being interested in or recruited into police organizations. The U.S. Department of Justice and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s 2016 report on Advancing Diversity in Law Enforcement identified three factors that may impact the recruitment of those in underrepresented communities into police organizations. These factors include lack of trust in police, the reputation or operational practices of police organizations, and lack of awareness of career opportunities in police organizations. While these factors were identified in the report, there was a lack of research supporting the factors. In an effort to gain a better understanding of what is preventing underrepresented groups from joining law enforcement, participants’ perceptions of trust, culture/policies/practices, and career opportunities in police organizations will be measured. Additionally, motivation to become a police officer and interest in a career as a police officer will be measured to increase the understanding of what does or does not contribute to underrepresented communities being interested in a career as a police officer. Regression analysis will be performed to predict interest in becoming a police officer by using the variables of trust, culture, policies/practices, and career opportunity

The diet of the Malham Tarn otters: understanding the impacts of a native predator

Otter (Lutra lutra) populations have been recovering in the UK and expanding into new and often isolated habitats. Otters were first sighted at Malham Tarn in 2009, and have since been observed on a regular basis. This study looks at the diet of the Malham Tarn otters and considers their possible impact on prey populations, such as fish, wading birds and white-clawed crayfish

Global Distributions of Mineral Dust Properties from SeaWiFS and MODIS: From Sources to Sinks

The impact of natural and anthropogenic sources of mineral dust has gained increasing attention from scientific communities in recent years. Indeed, these airborne dust particles, once lifted over the source regions, can be transported out of the boundary layer into the free troposphere and can travel thousands of kilometers across the oceans resulting in important biogeochemical impacts on the ecosystem. Due to the relatively short lifetime (a few hours to about a week), the distributions of these mineral dust particles vary extensively in both space and time. Consequently, satellite observations are needed over both source and sink regions for continuous temporal and spatial sampling of aerosol properties. With the launch of SeaWiFS in 1997, Terra/MODIS in 1999, and Aqua/MODIS in 2002, high quality comprehensive aerosol climatology is becoming feasible for the first time. As a result of these unprecedented satellite data records, studies of the radiative and biogeochemical effects due to dust aerosols are now possible. In this study, we will show the comparisons of satellite retrieved aerosol optical thickness using Deep Blue algorithm with data from AERONET sunphotometers over desert and semi-desert regions as well as vegetated areas. Our results indicate reasonable agreements between these two. These new satellite products will allow scientists to determine quantitatively the aerosol properties near sources using high spatial resolution measurements from Sea WiFS and MODIS-like instruments. The multiyear satellite measurements since 1997 from Sea WiFS will be compared with those retrieved from MODIS and MISR, and will be utilized to investigate the interannual variability of source, pathway, and dust loading associated with the dust outbreaks over the entire globe. Finally, the trends observed over the last decade based upon the SeaWiFS time series in the amounts of tropospheric aerosols due to natural and anthropogenic sources (such as changes in the frequency of dust storms) will be discussed

Once a pond in time: employing palaeoecology to inform farmland pond restoration

The restoration of highly terrestrialized farmland ponds that combines the removal of woody vegetation and pond sediment greatly enhances aquatic biodiversity. Nonetheless, questions remain regarding the historical precedent of pond restoration, and particularly if post-restoration aquatic macrophyte communities resemble pre-terrestrialization assemblages. We used a paleoecological approach to address these questions for a typical, recently restored farmland pond in Norfolk, eastern England. Plant and animal remains in pond sediment cores were used to infer decadal-centennial scale changes to pond communities and to identify past pond management events. We then evaluated the resemblance of restored and historical assemblages by comparisons with contemporary post-restoration vegetation data. Based on changes in the abundance of terrestrial leaf remains and other indicators (increases followed by declines of aquatic organisms), the study pond appears to have a long history (going back to the early-1800s) of canopy management (at least three inferred management events), but after the mid-1970s, steady and substantial increases in terrestrial indicators, suggest cessation of management resulting in uninterrupted terrestrialization. Aquatic macrophyte communities arising after restoration showed some similarities with historical assemblages, but also contained apparently new species. This study demonstrates how paleolimnological methods can improve understanding of pond ecological histories to better inform restoration targets and practices. Implications for Practice Paleolimnological methods can be successfully employed at small, human-made ponds to assess past biological communities and trajectories of ecological change. Restoration of heavily terrestrialized farmland ponds through major woody vegetation and sediment removal mimics periodic management activities undertaken over past centuries and is essential to the maintenance of open canopy conditions and biodiversity conservation. Caution must be taken when setting restoration targets for farmland ponds as rare macrophyte species indicative of high water quality may not necessarily return to restored pond habitats due to fragmentation effects associated with the loss of local populations and/or in-pond eutrophication development

Open-canopy ponds benefit diurnal pollinator communities in an agricultural landscape: implications for farmland pond management

1. Declines in pollinating invertebrates across intensively cultivated landscapes linked to reductions in flower-rich habitats constitute a key threat to biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services. Over recent decades, many ponds in agricultural landscapes have become overgrown with woody vegetation, resulting in heavily shaded, flower-poor pond basins and margins. Restoration of farmland ponds through removal of sediment and encroaching woody vegetation (canopy management) from pond margins greatly enhances freshwater biodiversity. Nevertheless, the consequences of pond management for pond-margin plants and pollinating insects remain poorly understood. Here, we studied these effects for ponds in Norfolk, eastern England. 2. We compared richness, abundance and composition of pollinating insects (hymenopterans and syrphids) and insect-pollinated plant communities between open-canopy pond systems subjected to either (i) long-term regular management of woody vegetation or (ii) recent restoration by woody vegetation and sediment removal with those communities at (iii) ponds dominated by woody vegetation. 3. Canopy management increased the richness and abundance of pollinators and insect-pollinated plants. Pollinator richness and abundance was best explained by improvements in flower resources at open-canopy ponds. Management most strongly influenced hymenopteran communities. 4. Ponds represent important semi-natural habitats for insect-pollinated plant and pollinator communities in farmland. To enhance food resources, diversity and abundance of diurnal pollinators, conservation management at ponds should aim for mosaics of ponds at different successional stages with a high proportion of early successional open-canopy ponds. Agricultural ponds are emerging as important habitats not only for aquatic biodiversity, but also for terrestrial species, thus warranting their prioritisation in future agri-environment schemes

Processed meat consumption and Lung function: modification by antioxidants and smoking

This article has supplementary material available from www.erj.ersjournals.com: This study was supported by the Medical Research Council, UK. H. Okubo was supported in part by fellowship of the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders, Japan and the Naito Memorial Grant for Research Abroad from the Naito Foundation, Japan