Vigilancia epidemiológica de brotes de triquinosis en España. Temporadas 2006/07 a 2013/14

[ES] La triquinosis es una enfermedad zoonótica producida por nematodos del género Trichinella, que infecta al ser humano a través del consumo de carne cruda o poco cocinada, principalmente de cerdo o jabalí. En el análisis se utilizaron las siguientes fuentes de información: los brotes y los casos individualizados de triquinosis notificados a la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (RENAVE) y altas por esta enfermedad del Conjunto Mínimo de Datos Básicos (RAE-CMBD), la superficie destinada a la caza en cada comunidad autónoma de los Anuarios de Estadística Forestal del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación y el número de capturas anuales de jabalí de la Federación Navarra de Caza. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo temporal y espacial de los brotes y casos de triquinosis en las temporadas 1994/95 a 2005/06. Se estudió la asociación entre el número de casos de triquinosis y la superficie de caza y el número de capturas de jabalí con el test de correlación de Spearman. Se declararon 22 brotes de triquinosis, con un total de 837 personas expuestas, 295 casos, 47 hospitalizaciones y una defunción. De los 295 casos, 155 fueron confirmados (53%), 137 fueron casos probables (46%) y 3 sospechosos (1%). De los 22 brotes, en 17 el alimento implicado fue la carne de jabalí. Los brotes se concentraron en provincias interiores y del centro de la Península. Trichinella spiralis sigue siendo el agente más frecuente, seguido de cerca por T. britovi. La enfermedad afectó más a hombres de entre 20 y 60 años, que también sufrieron más hospitalizaciones. En los últimos años se aprecia una disminución en el número de casos y brotes de triquinosis declarados en España. Las medidas de prevención deben incluir el adecuado control sanitario de los productos cárnicos del cerdo y el jabalí y el cocinado eficaz de la carne, que debe alcanzar al menos 65 ºC en el centro de la pieza durante un minuto como mínimo. [EN] Trichinosis is a zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella, which infects humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, mainly pork or wild boar. Five different sources of information were used in the analysis. The registry of reported outbreaks, the registry of cases notified to the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE), and the cases coded as trichinosis in the National Hospital Discharge Registry (RAE-CMBD), the area destined for hunting in each Autonomous Community of the Forestry Statistics Yearbooks of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and the number of annual catches of wild boar of the Navarra Hunting Federation. A temporal and spatial descriptive analysis of the outbreaks and cases of trichinosis was carried out in the seasons 1994/95 to 2005/06. The association between the number of cases of trichinosis and the hunting surface and the number of wild boar captures was studied with the Spearman correlation test. 22 outbreaks of trichinosis were reported, with a total of 837 people e exposed, 295 cases, 47 hospitalizations and 1 death. Of the 295 cases, 155 were confirmed (53%), 137 were probable cases (46%) and 3 possible cases (1%). Of the 22 outbreaks, in 17 the food involved was wild boar meat. The outbreaks were concentrated in the centre of the Peninsula. Trichinella spiralis remains the most frequent agent, followed closely by T. britovi. Men between 20 and 60 years, were more affected and suffered more hospitalizations. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the number of cases and outbreaks of trichinosis notified in Spain. Prevention measures should include adequate sanitary control of pork and wild boar meat products and effective cooking of meat, which must reach at least 5 ºC in the centre of the piece for at least one minute

Genome-wide identification and characterization of the NF-Y gene family in grape (vitis vinifera L.)

BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factor is composed of three distinct subunits: NF-YA, NF-YB and NF-YC. Many members of NF-Y family have been reported to be key regulators in plant development, phytohormone signaling and drought tolerance. However, the function of the NF-Y family is less known in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). RESULTS: A total of 34 grape NF-Y genes that distributed unevenly on grape (V. vinifera) chromosomes were identified in this study. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to predict functional similarities between Arabidopsis thaliana and grape NF-Y genes. Comparison of the structures of grape NF-Y genes (VvNF-Ys) revealed their functional conservation and alteration. Furthermore, we investigated the expression profiles of VvNF-Ys in response to various stresses, phytohormone treatments, and in leaves and grape berries with various sugar contents at different developmental stages. The relationship between VvNF-Y transcript levels and sugar content was examined to select candidates for exogenous sugar treatments. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) indicated that many VvNF-Ys responded to different sugar stimuli with variations in transcript abundance. qPCR and publicly available microarray data suggest that VvNF-Ys exhibit distinct expression patterns in different grape organs and developmental stages, and a number of VvNF-Ys may participate in responses to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses, phytohormone treatments and sugar accumulation or metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we characterized 34 VvNF-Ys based on their distributions on chromosomes, gene structures, phylogenetic relationship with Arabidopsis NF-Y genes, and their expression patterns. The potential roles of VvNF-Ys in sugar accumulation or metabolism were also investigated. Altogether, the data provide significant insights on VvNF-Ys, and lay foundations for further functional studies of NF-Y genes in grape. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2989-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users