312 research outputs found
The relationship between output growth and inflation: Evidence from Turkey
In this study, a bi-variate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticty model is used in order to investigate the Granger causality relationships between output growth, inflation rate and their uncertainties. Our test results show that the existence of Granger-causality is observed from nominal uncertainty to inflation, from nominal uncertainty to real uncertainty, from output growth to real uncertainty, from output growth to nominal uncertainty and from inflation to nominal uncertainty. These findings prove that theoretical predictions of Cuikerman and Meltzer (1986), Okun (1971) and Friedman (1977) are valid for the period 1986:6-2007:1 for Turkey. On the other hand, âShort-run Phillips Curveâ and âTaylor Effectâ have proven empirically to be invalid for Turkey for this sample period. Moreover, we deduce that Turkish inflation is affected by the output growth through the nominal uncertainty channel.Inflation; output growth; uncertainty; Granger-Causality; bi-variate GARCH.
A model for reversible electroporation to deliver drugs into diseased tissues
Drug delivery through electroporation could be highly beneficial for the
treatment of different types of diseased tissues within the human body. In this
work, a mathematical model of reversible tissue electroporation is presented
for injecting drug into the diseased cells. The model emphasizes the tissue
boundary where the drug is injected as a point source. Drug loss from the
tissue boundaries through extracellular space is studied. Multiple pulses are
applied to deliver a sufficient amount of drug into the targeted cells. The set
of differential equations that model the physical circumstances are solved
numerically. This model obtains a mass transfer coefficient in terms of pore
fraction coefficient and drug permeability. It controls the drug transport from
extracellular to intracellular space. The drug penetration throughout the
tissue is captured for the application of different pulses. The boundary
effects on drug concentration are highlighted in this study. The advocated
model is able to perform homogeneous drug transport into the cells so that the
affected tissue is treated completely. This model can be applied to optimize
clinical experiments by avoiding the lengthy and costly in vivo and in vitro
experiments.Comment: 18 page
Tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine Oxide: A Chiral Three-Dimensional Material with Nonlinear Optical Properties
The achiral C_(3v) organic phosphine tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine oxide (1) crystallizes in the unusual chiral hexagonal space group P6_3. The structure is highly ordered because each phosphine oxide moiety forms three hydrogen bonds with adjacent hydroxy groups from three different molecules. The properties of the crystals and the presence of hydrogen bonding interactions were investigated using single crystal Raman spectroscopy. The crystals show nonlinear optical properties and are capable of efficient second harmonic generation
Prescribing Patterns and Cost of Antihypertensive Drugs in Private Hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Antihypertensive agents are used to prevent morbidity and mortality related to hypertension. Prescribing patterns and the cost of some antihypertensive were studied for 600 patients attending medical clinics in four private hospitals in Dar es Salaam using the WHO drug use indicator forms. The average number of drugs per prescription ranged from 1.9 to 4.2 while that of antihypertensives varied from 1.3 to 2.1. About 50 % of the prescriptions contained 2 to 3 drugs. The most frequently prescribed antihypertensives were diuretics (41 %), β-blockers (28.5 %), calciumchannel blockers (19.8 %), hydralazine/losartan (18.5 %) and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (11.5 %). Antihypertensives prescribed asmonotherapy included atenolol (23.2 %), bendrofluazide (22 %), frusemide (19 %), hydralazine (11.2 %), nifedipine (9.8 %), amlodipine (9.5 %) and enalapril (9.3 %). Among the combination therapy drugs were angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor+diuretic (7 %), β-blocker+diuretic (4 %), calcium channel blocker+losartan (2.3 %), β-blocker+angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (2.2 %), calcium channel blocker+angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (1.8 %) and diuretic+hydralazine (1.7 %). The cost of nifedipine, bendrofluazide and frusemide was about five to six times higher in the private hospitals than at the governmentowned medical stores department. This study reveals a need for continuingeducation and standard treatment guidelines for rational prescribing ofantihypertensive drugs
Bulky, electron-rich, renewable: analogues of Beller's phosphine for cross-couplings
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the conversion of biomass into renewable
chemicals, yet the range of value-added products that can be formed from biomass remains relatively
small. Herein, we demonstrate that molecules available from biomass serve as viable starting materials for
the synthesis of phosphine ligands, which can be used in homogeneous catalysis. Specifically, we prepared
renewable analogues of Beller's ligand (di(1-adamantyl)-n-butylphosphine, cataCXiumÂź A), which is widely
used in homogeneous catalysis. Our new renewable phosphine ligands facilitate Pd-catalysed Suzukiâ
Miyaura, Stille, and BuchwaldâHartwig coupling reactions with high yields, and our catalytic results can be
rationalized based on the stereoelectronic properties of the ligands. The new phosphine ligands generate
catalytic systems that can be applied for the late-stage functionalization of commercial drugs
- âŠ