SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody detection in breast milk from a prospective multicentre study in Spain

Objectives To develop and validate a specific protocol for SARS-CoV-2 detection in breast milk matrix and to determine the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on the presence, concentration and persistence of specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Design and patients This is a prospective, multicentre longitudinal study (April-December 2020) in 60 mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or who have recovered from COVID-19. A control group of 13 women before the pandemic were also included. Setting Seven health centres from different provinces in Spain. Main outcome measures Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in breast milk, targeting the N1 region of the nucleocapsid gene and the envelope (E) gene; presence and levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulins (Igs)-IgA, IgG and IgM-in breast milk samples from patients with COVID-19. Results All breast milk samples showed negative results for presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We observed high intraindividual and interindividual variability in the antibody response to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for each of the three isotypes IgA, IgM and IgG. Main Protease (MPro) domain antibodies were also detected in milk. 82.9% (58 of 70) of milk samples were positive for at least one of the three antibody isotypes, with 52.9% of these positive for all three Igs. Positivity rate for IgA was relatively stable over time (65.2%-87.5%), whereas it raised continuously for IgG (from 47.8% for the first 10 days to 87.5% from day 41 up to day 206 post-PCR confirmation). Conclusions Our study confirms the safety of breast feeding and highlights the relevance of virus-specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody transfer. This study provides crucial data to support official breastfeeding recommendations based on scientific evidence. ARS-CoV-2 antibodies but not RNA are found in breast milk from COVID-19 infected mothers

Excavaciones en el "Paraje de las Dehesas" (Osma, Soria) : estudio traceológico de una ficha romana de juego

Durante las recientes excavaciones desarrolladas en el yacimiento de Uxama (Soria), se ha recuperado, entre otros materiales, una ficha de juego romana. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido un estudio traceológico de esta pieza, inacabada, para una mejor determinación de los procesos de fabricación.During the recent excavations that were undertaken at the site of Uxama (Soria), a partly finished roman game roundel (chip)was retrieved, between other materials. This study describes the traceological analysis that was carried out in order to better understand the technical features of this object.</p

Excavaciones en el "Paraje de las Dehesas" (Osma, Soria) : estudio traceológico de una ficha romana de juego

Durante las recientes excavaciones desarrolladas en el yacimiento de Uxama (Soria), se ha recuperado, entre otros materiales, una ficha de juego romana. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido un estudio traceológico de esta pieza, inacabada, para una mejor determinación de los procesos de fabricación.During the recent excavations that were undertaken at the site of Uxama (Soria), a partly finished roman game roundel (chip)was retrieved, between other materials. This study describes the traceological analysis that was carried out in order to better understand the technical features of this object.</p

Habitabilidad y política de vivienda

En esta obra, en la que participan destacados investigadores y profesores, dedicados al estudio de la problemática habitacional se presentan diferentes análisis que permiten conocer cuales son las condiciones de habitabilidad y las características de la actual política de vivienda de México. En sus capítulos se abordan los principales desafíos que enfrentan las familias mexicanas para acceder a una vivienda digna y decorosa y cuales son los retos económicos, políticos, territoriales, arquitectónicos, ambientales, financieros y culturales de las formas de producción habitacional en México y en otros países, en el marco de una sociedad global