Hydrogen production by chemical-looping reforming in a circulating fluidized bed reactor using Ni-based oxygen carriers

7 pages, 11 figures,.- Available online November 18, 2008.This work presents the experimental results obtained during auto-thermal chemical-looping reforming (CLR) in a 900 Wth circulating fluidized bed reactor under continuous operation using methane as fuel. Two oxygen carriers based on NiO and supported on γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 were used during more than 50 h of operation with each oxygen carrier. During operation the effect of different operating variables, like fuel reactor temperature, H2O/CH4 molar ratio and solid circulation rate, on CH4 conversion and gas product distribution was analyzed. It was found that in all operating conditions CH4 conversion was very high (>98%) and the most important variable affecting to the gas product distribution was the solid circulation rate, that is, NiO/CH4 molar ratio. Similar gas product distribution was obtained working with both oxygen carriers although at different NiO/CH4 molar ratios. The oxygen carrier of NiO on α-Al2O3 needed lower NiO/CH4 molar ratio to reach the same gas product composition than the oxygen carrier of NiO on γ-Al2O3. Working at optimal operating conditions, 2.5 moles of H2 per mol of CH4 could be obtained in this process. During operation the oxygen carrier particles maintained their physical and chemical properties. These results suggest that these oxygen carriers could have a high durability, being suitable oxygen carriers for a CLR system. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This work was partially supported by the European Commission, under the 6th Framework Programme (CACHET Project, Contract no. 019972), and from the CCP2 (CO2 Capture Project), a partnership of BP, Chevron, Conoco-Phillips, Eni Technology, Norsk Hydro, Shell, Suncor, and Petrobras. M. Ortiz thanks Diputación General de Aragon for the F.P.I. fellowship.Peer Reviewe

Navigated cup implantation in hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis

Background and purpose Many studies have suggested that navigation-based implantation can improve cup positioning in total hip arthroplasty (THA). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compile the best available evidence, and to overcome potential shortcomings because of small sample sizes in individual studies

Minimally invasive total knee replacement : techniques and results

In this review, we outlined the definition of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in total knee replacement (TKR) and described the different surgical approaches reported in the literature. Afterwards we went through the most recent studies assessing MIS TKR. Next, we searched for potential limitations of MIS knee replacement and tried to answer the following questions: Are there selective criteria and specific patient selection for MIS knee surgery? If there are, then what are they? After all, a discussion and conclusion completed this article. There is certainly room for MIS or at least less invasive surgery (LIS) for appropriate selected patients. Nonetheless, there are differences between approaches. Mini medial parapatellar is easy to master, quick to perform and potentially extendable, whereas mini subvastus and mini midvastus are trickier and require more caution related to risk of hematoma and VMO nerve damage. Current evidence on the safety and efficacy of mini-incision surgery for TKR does not appear fully adequate for the procedure to be used without special arrangements for consent and for audit or continuing research. There is an argument that a sudden jump from standard TKR to MIS TKR, especially without computer assistance such as navigation, patient specific instrumentation (PSI) or robotic, may breach a surgeon's duty of care toward patients because it exposes patients to unnecessary risks. As a final point, more evidence is required on the long-term safety and efficacy of this procedure which will give objective shed light on real benefits of MIS TKR