Pacioli’s innovation in accounting : business or academic affairs

According to the accounting literature there is no evidence for earlier use of “doubleentry”, as documented by Luca Pacioli in his Summa de Arithmetica Geometrica Proportioni et Proportionalita (1494), before the 13th century AD. Littleton’s popular thesis links doubleentry to the increased intensity in modern times (as compared with in antiquity) of two (all inclusive) groups of economic and technical “antecedents”, while Hoskin and Macve (1986) explain the articulation of double-entry in early Renaissance as an aspect of the new way of writing the text (“new textuality”), that was being developed around same time in Europe by scholars who saw in it (and in accounting, albeit with no particular interest in double-entry itself then) the potential of new power-knowledge relationships. In this study we attempt to explore if double entry, the innovative method for the accounting technology, is business or academic affairs.peer-reviewe

Debts of Cyprus Households: Lessons from the First Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances

This paper describes the participation of Cyprus households in various types of debt using data from the first (1999) Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances. It complements the 2001 paper by Haliassos et al. The findings are of interest to policy makers, as they show the extent of household participation in various loans and the indebtedness of various demographic groups. We document the considerable popularity of credit cards as borrowing instruments and a continuing parallel presence of antiquated forms of borrowing. There is surprisingly limited use by the young of mortgages, despite very high home ownership rates, and of car loans, despite high car ownership rates. We find evidence of a strong reliance on family transfers for the financing of higher education, home acquisitions and car purchases by the young. Finally, we note a tendency for Cypriot entrepreneurs to take out large loans from their business for personal use.

Assets of Cyprus Households: Lessons from the First Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances

This paper describes participation of Cyprus households in financial and real assets using new data from the 1999 Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances, and compares Cyprus to the United States and four major European countries. Almost 9 out of 10 Cyprus households own some financial asset. After checking accounts, the most popular financial asset is government savings bonds. One in two households participated in stocks directly or indirectly in 1999, a year of stock market frenzy, reaching participation levels comparable only to the United States. Despite the absence of mutual funds, almost one third of households invest in managed portfolios linked to life insurance, and this exceeds direct stockholding even in 1999. Participation in direct stockholding is higher than in other countries, overall and for households below 50 years, and unusually high for the very young. Potential sources of concern include the limited number of stocks held by direct stockholders, and the presence of a significant contingent with limited background. Diversification across risk categories of financial assets is limited, but the majority of those holding few assets do not hold stocks directly. Those who do hold stocks directly are poorly diversified across different stocks. More than one in two households have some form of life insurance, but participation in individual retirement accounts is very low. Participation in risky assets, financial or real, far exceeds that in other countries. Yet, a strong contingent of households concentrates on risky real assets and abstains from risky financial assets, even during 1999. Rates of ownership of real assets are exceptionally high compared to the other countries. Homeownership rates far exceed those in the United States, and the majority of homeowners own their home fully. One quarter of Cyprus households own business equity, more than double the rate in the United States.

Debts of Cyprus Households: Lessons from the First Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances

This paper describes participation of Cyprus households in various debts using data from the first (1999) Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances. It complements our previous paper that described household participation in various types of assets (Haliassos et al., 2001). Debts considered encompass personal unsecured loans, including credit card debt, and loans secured by housing collateral, mainly mortgage debt. Findings are of policy interest, as they show the extent of household participation in various loans, and the indebtedness of various demographic groups. We document considerable popularity of credit cards as borrowing instruments despite their recent introduction, and a continuing parallel presence of antiquated forms of borrowing (informal store credits). There is surprisingly limited use by the young of mortgages, despite very high homeownership rates, and of car loans, despite high car ownership rates. We find evidence of considerable reliance on family transfers for the financing of education, home acquisition, and car purchase by the young. Particularly problematic for equality of opportunities is the limited ability of the young to take student loans and the reliance on their parents to do so in order to finance their post-secondary education. Finally, we have noted a tendency of Cyprus business owners to take out large loans from their business for personal use.

Assets of Cyprus Households: Lessons from the first Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances

This paper describes participation of Cyprus households in financial and real assets using new data from the 1999 Cyprus Survey of Consumer Finances, and compares Cyprus to the United States and four major European countries. Almost 9 out of 10 Cyprus households own some financial asset. After checking accounts, the most popular financial asset is government savings bonds. One in two households participated in stocks directly or indirectly in 1999, a year of stock market frenzy, reaching participation levels comparable only to the United States. Despite the absence of mutual funds, almost one third of households invest in managed portfolios linked to life insurance, and this exceeds direct stockholding even in 1999. Participation in direct stockholding is higher than in other countries, overall and for households below 50 years, and unusually high for the very young. Potential sources of concern include the limited number of stocks held by direct stockholders, and the presence of a significant contingent with limited background. Diversification across risk categories of financial assets is limited, but the majority of those holding few assets do not hold stocks directly. Those who do hold stocks directly are poorly diversified across different stocks. More than one in two households have some form of life insurance, but participation in individual retirement accounts is very low. Participation in risky assets, financial or real, far exceeds that in other countries. Yet, a strong contingent of households concentrates on risky real assets and abstains from risky financial assets, even during 1999. Rates of ownership of real assets are exceptionally high compared to the other countries. Homeownership rates far exceed those in the United States, and the majority of homeowners own their home fully. One quarter of Cyprus households own business equity, more than double the rate in the United States.

A specification patterns system for discrete event systems analysis

As formal verification tools gain popularity, the problem arises of making them more accessible to engineers. A correct understanding of the logics used to express properties of a system's behavior is needed in order to guarantee that properties correctly encode the intent of the verification process. Writing appropriate properties, in a logic suitable for verification, is a skillful process. Errors in this step of the process can create serious problems since a false sense of safety is gained with the analysis. However, when compared to the effort put into developing and applying modeling languages, little attention has been devoted to the process of writing properties that accurately capture verification requirements. In this paper we illustrate how a collection of property patterns can help in simplifying the process of generating logical formulae from informally expressed requirements

Bergman coordinates on finite Riemann surfaces

Bergman coordinates on finite Riemann surfaces are defined. It is proved that they extend meromorphically to the double of the surface. A proof of an analogue of Bell’s Density Lemma for finite Riemann surfaces is given. Embeddability of a finite Riemann surface in [special characters omitted]3 (or [special characters omitted]2) by means of Bergman coordinate functions is studied. Finally, a proof of existence of a primitive pair for the double of a finite Riemann surface consisting of Ahlfors maps is given

Architectural Insight into Inovirus-Associated Vectors (IAVs) and Development of IAV-Based Vaccines Inducing Humoral and Cellular Responses: Implications in HIV-1 Vaccines

Inovirus-associated vectors (IAVs) are engineered, non-lytic, filamentous bacteriophages that are assembled primarily from thousands of copies of the major coat protein gp8 and just five copies of each of the four minor coat proteins gp3, gp6, gp7 and gp9. Inovirus display studies have shown that the architecture of inoviruses makes all coat proteins of the inoviral particle accessible to the outside. This particular feature of IAVs allows foreign antigenic peptides to be displayed on the outer surface of the virion fused to its coat proteins and for more than two decades has been exploited in many applications including antibody or peptide display libraries, drug design, and vaccine development against infectious and non-infectious diseases. As vaccine carriers, IAVs have been shown to elicit both a cellular and humoral response against various pathogens through the display of antibody epitopes on their coat proteins. Despite their high immunogenicity, the goal of developing an effective vaccine against HIV-1 has not yet materialized. One possible limitation of previous efforts was the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies, which exhibited autoreactivity properties. In the past five years, however, new, more potent broadly neutralizing antibodies that do not exhibit autoreactivity properties have been isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals, suggesting that vaccination strategies aimed at producing such broadly neutralizing antibodies may confer protection against infection. The utilization of these new, broadly neutralizing antibodies in combination with the architectural traits of IAVs have driven the current developments in the design of an inovirus-based vaccine against HIV-1. This article reviews the applications of IAVs in vaccine development, with particular emphasis on the design of inoviral-based vaccines against HIV-1