The effect of prior victory or defeat in the same site as that of subsequent encounter on the determination of dyadic dominance in the domestic hen

We examined the effect of prior victory or defeat in the same site as that of a subsequent encounter on the outcome of dyadic encounter of domestic hens by placing them in two situations: In the first set of dyads, two unacquainted hens having experienced prior victory were introduced in the site where one had experienced victory. In the second set, two unacquainted hens having experienced defeat were introduced in the site where one had recently lost. Results indicate that victories are equally shared between individuals with prior victory experiences, while familiarity with the meeting site did not give any advantage. However, hens having previously lost were disadvantaged when the encounter occurred in the same site as that of their prior defeat. This demonstrates that previous social experience in a site is more important on the outcome of subsequent encounters for losers than winners. Losers seem to associate the site with the stressful effect of losing or being more easily dominated

A modified leaf disk method for rearing predaceous mites [Acarina : Phytoseiidae]

La méthode du disque foliaire coupé pour élever des phytoséiides a été modifiée en maintenant le disque foliaire sur une solution nutritive solidifiée avec de l'agar. L'acarien prédateur Amblyseius cucumeris et sa proie, le thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, ont été élevés avec succès sur ce milieu. La survie et le temps de rétention du prédateur sur agar étaient meilleurs que sur de la ouate. L'agar a prolongé la qualité du feuillage pour la survie des larves de thrips comparé à la ouate et à l'eau, tout en offrant plusieurs autres avantages par rapport à ces milieux.The detached leaf disk method for rearing phytoseiids was modified by maintaining leaf disks on a nutrient solution solidified with agar. The predaceous mite, Amblyseius cucumeris, and thrips prey, Frankliniella occidentalis, were successfully reared on cucumber leaf disks using this technique. Predator survival and retention time on agar as the leaf supporting medium were improved compared to cotton wool. Agar prolonged leaf disk quality for thrips survival compared to both cotton wool and water, while offering other significant advantages to these alternative media

Using tables to enhance trustworthiness in qualitative research

In this essay, we discuss how tables can be used to ensure—and reassure about—trustworthiness in qualitative research. We posit that in qualitative research, tables help not only increase transparency about data collection, analysis, and findings, but also—and no less importantly—organize and analyze data effectively. We present some of the tables most frequently used by qualitative researchers, explain their uses, discuss how they enhance trustworthiness, and provide illustrative examples to inspire readers in their use of tables in their own research

A matter of design: priming context and person perception

A matter of considerable debate is whether people spontaneously use categorical knowledge (i.e., stereotypes) to guide their interactions with others. Despite initial evidence for the unconditional automaticity of category activation, recent research has identified a range of factors that moderate this process. Extending this line of inquiry, the current investigation explored the extent to which contextual influences - specifically the order in which priming stimuli are presented to participants - may modulate person categorization. Using a standard semantic-priming paradigm to index category and stereotype activation, participants were presented with priming stimuli that were either intermixed or blocked by sex. The results revealed that: (i) category and stereotype activation are moderated by the order in which priming stimuli are presented; and (ii) priming effects decrease monotonically as a function of category repetition. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered

Justification, evaluation and critique in the study of organization: An introduction to the volume

This volume presents state-of-the-art research and thinking on the analysis of justification, evaluation and critique in organizations, as inspired by the foundational ideas of French Pragmatist Sociology’s economies of worth (EW) framework. In this introduction, we begin by underlining the EW framework’s importance in sociology and social theory more generally and discuss its relative neglect within organizational theory, at least until now. We then present an overview of the framework’s intellectual roots, and for those who are new to this particular theoretical domain, offer a brief introduction to the theory’s main concepts and core assumptions. This we follow with an overview of the contributions included in this volume. We conclude by highlighting the EW framework’s important yet largely untapped potential for advancing our understanding of organizations more broadly. Collectively, the contributions in this volume help demonstrate the potential of the EW framework to (1) advance current understanding of organizational processes by unpacking justification dynamics at the individual level of analysis, (2) refresh critical perspectives in organization theory by providing them with pragmatic foundations, (3) expand and develop the study of valuation and evaluation in organizations by reconsidering the notion of worth, and finally (4) push the boundaries of the framework itself by questioning and fine tuning some of its core assumptions. Taken as a whole, this volume not only carves a path for a deeper embedding of the EW approach into contemporary thinking about organizations, it also invites readers to refine and expand it by confronting it with a wider range of diverse empirical contexts of interest to organizational scholars

Facteurs impliqués dans la levée des mauvaises herbes au champ

La levée des mauvaises herbes au champ est le résultat du bris de la dormance des graines, de leur germination et de la croissance du germe jusqu'à la surface du sol. Une revue de ces conditions et des facteurs qui les influencent fait l'objet de cette étude. Des levées importantes à certaines périodes de Tannée démontrent que les graines enfouies dans le sol sont, au cours de ces périodes, dans un état physiologique favorable à leur germination. Cependant, les semences ne sont pas toujours aptes à germer et passent par des états d'inhibition: dormance ou quiescence. Plusieurs facteurs environnementaux et souvent une combinaison de ceux-ci peuvent déclencher la germination. Les trois principaux facteurs qui ont été identifiés comme ayant des répercussions majeures sur la germination des graines sont la température, l'humidité et la lumière. Comme la levée est issue de la germination, il est souvent difficile de dissocier les facteurs qui régissent chacune d'elles. En effet, dès que la graine a germé, le processus de levée débute. La levée est aussi affectée par les conditions environnant la croissance du germe, et ce, jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne la surface du sol. En climat tempéré, au printemps, la levée est principalement modulée par la température, l'eau et l'état physique du sol. Le sol constitue une barrière physique que le germe doit franchir pour atteindre la surface du sol. La croûte qui se forme parfois à la surface du sol peut être aussi une entrave à la levée. L'état de dormance des graines et les conditions climatiques requises pour la germination et la levée diffèrent d'une espèce à l'autre, compliquant ainsi les généralisations qui pourraient être faites du patron d'émergence des mauvaises herbes dans un champ.Weed emergence in the field results from breaking of seed dormancy, seed germination and growth of the seedling to the soil surface. This work reviews the factors that affect these mechanisms. Flushes of weed emergence during certain time periods demonstrate that buried seeds are in a physiological state favorable to germination. However, seeds are not always able to germinate as they may be dormant or quiescent. Several environmental factors or their combination can initiate germination. The three main factors that have been identified as being the most important for seed germination are temperature, moisture, and light. Since emergence is closely tied to germination, it is often difficult to separate the factors affecting each process. Weed emergence is initiated as soon as the seed germinates. Emergence is also influenced by factors affecting seedling growth until it reaches the soil surface. In temperate regions, in the spring, weed emergence is mainly affected by temperature, water and soil physical state. In order to reach the soil surface, the weed seedling must pass through a soil layer which constitutes a physical barrier. Soil crust can also be an obstacle to weed emergence. Seed dormancy and the environmental conditions required for germination and growth vary from species to species and complicate any generalisations that could be made concerning the pattern of emergence of weeds in a given field

Saisonnalité du transport de carbone organique dissous dans le ruisseau de l'Hermine, un bassin versant de tête de réseau du Bouclier Canadien

Nous avons étudié la variabilité saisonnière de la relation entre les fluctuations des concentrations en carbone organique dissous (COD) dans le ruisseau de l'Hermine (Québec, Canada) et les changements du débit (Q). Un total de 93 événements hydrologiques échantillonnés de 1994 à 2003 et regroupés sur une base saisonnière (hiver-printemps, été, automne) a été analysé. Le modèle de régression linéaire est utilisé afin de déterminer, pour chaque événement, la pente de la relation entre la concentration en COD dans le ruisseau et le débit. Ces pentes sont regroupées par saison et selon un seuil arbitraire de un qui permet de contraster les conditions hydrologiques et climatiques initiales des événements répertoriés. Les résultats du test de Kruskal-Wallis, visant la comparaison entre les événements de pentes supérieures et inférieures à un, montrent clairement la saisonnalité de la relation entre le COD et le débit. La saisonnalité de la relation COD/Q est ensuite mise en relation avec des variables climatiques et hydrologiques susceptibles de conditionner le transport du COD dans le bassin de l'Hermine. Les résultats montrent que les changements saisonniers des conditions climatiques et hydrologiques dans le bassin versant ont un impact significatif sur la relation entre le COD et le débit. Ainsi, le volume de précipitation tombé durant l'événement, la température moyenne de l'air et la température du sol régissent significativement (p =0,041; 0,001 et 0,009 respectivement) le transport du COD pour la période hiver-printemps. Les basses températures du sol et l'apport élevé en eau via les précipitations et la fonte favorisent le lessivage intense du COD soluble déjà limité par les basses températures. Au cours de l'été, l'état initial d'humidité du bassin est le principal facteur contrôlant l'évolution des concentrations de COD lors d'une crue; les fortes relations avec le pourcentage d'humidité des sols et le débit total 24 h avant l'événement le prouvent (p =0,039 et 0,0003 respectivement). Les changements les plus prononcés du COD surviennent, au cours de l'été, suite à une période prolongée de sécheresse. À l'automne, le transport du COD est influencé par le volume de précipitation tombé durant l'événement (p =0,031) et la température du sol (p =0,042). La modélisation de la relation COD/Q par les variables hydro-climatiques montre que 40% de la relation COD/Q s'explique par la température du sol durant la période d'hiver-printemps. Durant l'été, les conditions initiales d'humidité du bassin, traduites par le débit 24 h avant l'événement, expliquent à 51% la relation COD/Q. À l'automne, la relation COD/Q est gouvernée à 50% à la fois par le volume de précipitation tombé durant l'événement et la température du sol. L'analyse de ces données établit clairement la saisonnalité de la relation COD/Q et que des variables climatiques et hydrologiques permettent de quantifier ces fluctuations saisonnières.The terrestrial organic carbon (C) pool, estimated to 1.5 x 1015 kg C for the first meter of soil (Amundson, 2001), represents a major terrestrial elemental stock for which the recycling rate and the response to perturbations are still unknown. Under the present changing climatic conditions, C fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems could be significantly disturbed during the next decades. Indeed, the multi-annual changes in temperature and precipitation are likely to have a major impact on the net primary production and on organic matter decomposition in soils. This situation influences the production of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soils, its transport to surface waters and hence, water quality. In this context, a better knowledge of the climatic and hydrologic factors influencing seasonal variations in DOC export is crucial to improve our understanding of the potential transformation of carbon stocks and fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the seasonality in the relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the stream and streamflow (Q) and 2) to quantify the impact of seasonal changes in climatic and hydrological conditions in the watershed on the DOC/Q relationship.The Hermine catchment is located about 80 km north of Montréal, Québec, Canada. An intermittent first-order stream drains the 5.1 ha catchment. Soils are Orthic and Gleyed Humo-Ferric and Ferro-Humic Podzols. The stream water was sampled daily, from 1994 to 2003, with an automatic sampler. The stream discharge was calculated from the water level above a 90º V-notch weir using a Global level sensor bubbler. Soil organic C content was analysed by the modified Walkley-Black method. Because of the high cost of DOC analysis for numerous samples, the DOC content was estimated by the relationship obtained between eight stream water samples analysed with a Shimadzu TOC analyser (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and the corresponding absorbance measured at 254 nm. From the initial year of the project, 1994, the regression used was Y=-0.05 + 32.60 X with an r2 value of 0.58 and a precision of 0.05 mg·L-1.The relationship between the DOC concentration and Q at the Hermine was positive and significant (p < 0.01) when all data were considered (n=1960). Because of the weakness of this relation (r2 =0.12), the stream samples, from 1994 to 2003, were seasonally split into 93 distinct hydrological events: 33 for winter-spring, 34 for summer and 26 for fall. A linear regression model was used to determine, for each event, the slope of the relationship between the DOC concentrations in the stream and Q. To contrast the antecedent conditions of the Hermine watershed, the events from a given season were divided into two groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was then used to establish the link between the slope of the DOC/Q relationships on the one hand, and the environmental watershed conditions on the other hand: the climatic variables (volume of precipitation during event, mean air and soil temperatures) and the hydrological variables (stream discharge 24 h before the event, soil moisture, and ground water level).The DOC concentrations in the stream varied on an annual, a seasonal and an event basis. For the period 1994 to 2003, the annual mean concentrations, calculated from daily samples, varied from 2.0 to 2.5 mg DOC·L-1. On a seasonal basis, mean daily DOC was higher during the summer and the fall (2.9 and 2.8 mg DOC·L-1 respectively), and lower in the winter-spring (2.1 mg DOC·L-1). The relation between DOC concentrations and Q fluctuated as a function of the seasonal evolution of climatic and hydrological conditions in the Hermine catchment. For winter-spring events, 79% of the events had a DOC/Q slope lower than one. This period was characterised by high streamflow levels and high total DOC fluxes even though the daily mean DOC concentrations were low (2.1 mg DOC·L-1). The volume of precipitation during the event (p =0.041), the mean air temperature (p =0.001) and the soil temperature (p =0.009) were significantly related to the difference between events with slopes lower and higher than one. Indeed the slope of the relation increases when soil temperatures are elevated. When the temperatures are higher, DOC export increases and subsurface flow in soil horizon is enriched in DOC. Under colder temperature, the DOC production is limited and the soluble organic substances stored in soils are leached out the catchment with the high volume of precipitation and with the water coming from the snowmelt. For the summer period, there were 20 events with slopes greater than one against 14 with slopes lower than one. The soil humidity (p =0.039) and the total streamflow 24 h before the event (p=0.0003), were the two variables that significantly distinguished both slope groups. Rapid changes in DOC concentration occur during hydrological events following a long drought period. Under dry conditions, the subsurface flow in soil horizons rich in organic matter, the re-hydration of bed sediments and the hydrophobic behaviour of soil particles can all contribute to the export of very high DOC concentrations, even during small events. The relationships between DOC and Q, for the fall season, were significantly influenced by the volume of precipitation during the event (p =0.031) and the mean soil temperature (p =0.042). The events with the lower slopes showed the highest volume of precipitation during event and the lowest soil temperature. For these events occurring under wet conditions, the water originates essentially from the B and C horizons, and DOC fluctuations are then limited because of the low concentrations of the DOC in these horizons (anionic sorption of soluble organic substances by iron oxides).Best-fit from multiple regressions indicated that 40% of the link between DOC and Q was explained by the soil temperature during the winter-spring period (p =0.0001). For summer, the streamflow 24 h before events accounted for 51% of the variation in DOC/Q relationships (p =0.00001). For the fall period, the volume of precipitation during event and the soil temperature both contributed equally to the DOC/Q relationships (p =0.001). From these results, obtained from a multi-year project, it is clear that the relation between DOC and Q is a function of the variability in the climatic and hydrological watershed conditions. In a context of global warming, it is possible that warmer air temperatures have an effect on soil temperature. Thus, during winter-spring and fall periods, the duration and the intensity of the DOC production in soils will increase and the export of DOC from the watershed to other surface water system could become more important under equivalent or higher streamflow. Higher air temperature also means higher evapotranspiration by the forest during the summer period, and consequently dryer watershed conditions. A low streamflow and a low soil humidity level could be expected and then, brief rain events will sporadically flush the soluble organic carbon accumulated in the soil. The DOC export would be insignificant for that period, but the DOC would reach the highest annual level. The new knowledge on the DOC/Q relationships, at the hydrological event scale, will be added to the accumulated data on the possible effects of global warming on the carbon cycle in forested ecosystems

Low Energy Electron Point Projection Microscopy of Suspended Graphene, the Ultimate "Microscope Slide"

Point Projection Microscopy (PPM) is used to image suspended graphene using low-energy electrons (100-200eV). Because of the low energies used, the graphene is neither damaged or contaminated by the electron beam. The transparency of graphene is measured to be 74%, equivalent to electron transmission through a sheet as thick as twice the covalent radius of sp^2-bonded carbon. Also observed is rippling in the structure of the suspended graphene, with a wavelength of approximately 26 nm. The interference of the electron beam due to the diffraction off the edge of a graphene knife edge is observed and used to calculate a virtual source size of 4.7 +/- 0.6 Angstroms for the electron emitter. It is demonstrated that graphene can be used as both anode and substrate in PPM in order to avoid distortions due to strong field gradients around nano-scale objects. Graphene can be used to image objects suspended on the sheet using PPM, and in the future, electron holography