Organic compounds of gallium. III. Reactions of gallium alkoxides with acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, methyl acetoacetate, and methyl salicylate

Derivatives of gallium of the type: Ga(i-C3H7O)3-xligx (x = 1, 2, or 3; and H lig = acetylacetone, methyl and ethyl acetoacetate, or methyl salicylate) have been synthesized by reacting gallium alkoxides with ligands in various molar ratios. The compounds are soluble in organic solvents and could be volatilized under reduced pressure. Their molecular weights have been determined ebullioscopically. The infrared spectra of some of the compounds have been studied

Friction and wear properties of smooth diamond films grown in fullerene-argon plasmas

In this study, we describe the growth mechanism and the ultralow friction and wear properties of smooth (20-50 nm rms) diamond films grown in a microwave plasma consisting of Ar and fullerene (the carbon source). The sliding friction coefficients of these films against Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} balls are 0.04 and 0.1 in dry N{sub 2} and air, which are comparable to that of natural diamond sliding against the same pin material, but is lower by factors of 5 to 10 than that afforded by rough diamond films grown in conventional H{sub 2}-CH{sub 4} plasmas. Furthermore, the smooth diamond films produced in this work afforded wear rates to Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} balls that were two to three orders of magnitude lower than those of H{sub 2}-CH{sub 4} grown films. Mechanistically, the ultralow friction and wear properties of the fullerene-derived diamond films correlate well with their initially smooth surface finish and their ability to polish even further during sliding. The wear tracks reach an ultrasmooth (3-6 nm rms) surface finish that results in very little abrasion and ploughing. The nanocrystalline microstructure and exceptionally pure sp{sup 3} bonding in these smooth diamond films were verified by numerous surface and structure analytical methods, including x-ray diffraction, high-resolution AF-S, EELS, NEXAFS, SEM, and TEM. An AFM instrument was used to characterize the topography of the films and rubbing surfaces

Annotating Whole Genome Sequencing in COSMIC (The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer)

"COSMIC, the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer":http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic is designed to store and display somatic mutation information relating to human cancers, combining detailed information on publications, samples and mutation types. The information is curated both from the primary literature and the laboratories at the Cancer Genome Project, Sanger Institute, UK, and then semi-automatically entered into the COSMIC database. The v47 release (May 2010) contained the curation of 9202 papers describing 116,977 mutations across 466,851 samples. In order to provide consistent annotation of the data, COSMIC has developed a classification system for cancer histology and tissue ontology, and adapted HGVS mutation nomenclature recommendations to describe the multiple mutation types involved in cancer. 

Cancer genetics is moving from systematic screens of candidate gene sets to whole genome sequencing analyses, and COSMIC displays and navigates this new data; we have recently included systematic gene screens and whole genome sequencing studies. COSMIC will annotate and display somatic mutation data that will be emerging from the "International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC)":http://www.icgc.org/ and "The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)":http://cancergenome.nih.gov/ projects. New tools are being developed to interpret this genomic data with coding mutation annotations. In addition COSMIC will be expanded to curate and display data from mouse insertional mutagenesis screening and mouse cancer model exome/genome sequencing in the future. The data within COSMIC is freely available without restriction via a website, in datasheets on the "FTP site":ftp://ftp.sanger.ac.uk/pub/CGP/cosmic and through the "COSMIC Biomart":http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic/biomart/martview/, available from the "COSMIC homepage":http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic 
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TOpic: rare and special cases, the real "Strange cases"

Introduction: The bladder hernia represents approximately 1-3% of all inguinal hernias, where patients aged more than 50 years have a higher incidence (10%). Many factors contribute to the development of a bladder hernia, including the presence of a urinary outlet obstruction causing chronic bladder distention, the loss of bladder tone, pericystitis, the perivesical bladder fat protrusion and the obesity

COSMIC: mining complete cancer genomes in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer

COSMIC (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic) curates comprehensive information on somatic mutations in human cancer. Release v48 (July 2010) describes over 136 000 coding mutations in almost 542 000 tumour samples; of the 18 490 genes documented, 4803 (26%) have one or more mutations. Full scientific literature curations are available on 83 major cancer genes and 49 fusion gene pairs (19 new cancer genes and 30 new fusion pairs this year) and this number is continually increasing. Key amongst these is TP53, now available through a collaboration with the IARC p53 database. In addition to data from the Cancer Genome Project (CGP) at the Sanger Institute, UK, and The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA), large systematic screens are also now curated. Major website upgrades now make these data much more mineable, with many new selection filters and graphics. A Biomart is now available allowing more automated data mining and integration with other biological databases. Annotation of genomic features has become a significant focus; COSMIC has begun curating full-genome resequencing experiments, developing new web pages, export formats and graphics styles. With all genomic information recently updated to GRCh37, COSMIC integrates many diverse types of mutation information and is making much closer links with Ensembl and other data resources

Data mining using the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer BioMart

Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic) is a publicly available resource providing information on somatic mutations implicated in human cancer. Release v51 (January 2011) includes data from just over 19 000 genes, 161 787 coding mutations and 5573 gene fusions, described in more than 577 000 tumour samples. COSMICMart (COSMIC BioMart) provides a flexible way to mine these data and combine somatic mutations with other biological relevant data sets. This article describes the data available in COSMIC along with examples of how to successfully mine and integrate data sets using COSMICMart

Coupling of Semiconductor Nanowires with Neurons and Their Interfacial Structure

We report on the compatibility of various nanowires with hippocampal neurons and the structural study of the neuron–nanowire interface. Si, Ge, SiGe, and GaN nanowires are compatible with hippocampal neurons due to their native oxide, but ZnO nanowires are toxic to neuron due to a release of Zn ion. The interfaces of fixed Si nanowire and hippocampal neuron, cross-sectional samples, were prepared by focused ion beam and observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the processes of neuron were adhered well on the nanowire without cleft

The role of whole brain radiation therapy in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline

QUESTION: Should patients with newly-diagnosed metastatic brain tumors undergo open surgical resection versus whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and/or other treatment modalities such as radiosurgery, and in what clinical settings? TARGET POPULATION: These recommendations apply to adults with a newly diagnosed single brain metastasis amenable to surgical resection. RECOMMENDATIONS: Surgical resection plus WBRT versus surgical resection alone Level 1 Surgical resection followed by WBRT represents a superior treatment modality, in terms of improving tumor control at the original site of the metastasis and in the brain overall, when compared to surgical resection alone. Surgical resection plus WBRT versus SRS + or - WBRT Level 2 Surgical resection plus WBRT, versus stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) plus WBRT, both represent effective treatment strategies, resulting in relatively equal survival rates. SRS has not been assessed from an evidence-based standpoint for larger lesions (\u3e3 cm) or for those causing significant mass effect (\u3e1 cm midline shift). Level 3 Underpowered class I evidence along with the preponderance of conflicting class II evidence suggests that SRS alone may provide equivalent functional and survival outcomes compared with resection + WBRT for patients with single brain metastases, so long as ready detection of distant site failure and salvage SRS are possible. Note The following question is fully addressed in the WBRT guideline paper within this series by Gaspar et al. Given that the recommendation resulting from the systematic review of the literature on this topic is also highly relevant to the discussion of the role of surgical resection in the management of brain metastases, this recommendation has been included below