5,441 research outputs found
Global digital data sets of soil type, soil texture, surface slope and other properties: Documentation of archived data tape
The file structure and coding of four soils data sets derived from the Zobler (1986) world soil file is described. The data were digitized on a one-degree square grid. They are suitable for large-area studies such as climate research with general circulation models, as well as in forestry, agriculture, soils, and hydrology. The first file is a data set of codes for soil unit, land-ice, or water, for all the one-degree square cells on Earth. The second file is a data set of codes for texture, land-ice, or water, for the same soil units. The third file is a data set of codes for slope, land-ice, or water for the same units. The fourth file is the SOILWRLD data set, containing information on soil properties of land cells of both Matthews' and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) sources. The fourth file reconciles land-classification differences between the two and has missing data filled in
Energy Loss of a High Charge Bunched Electron Beam in Plasma
There has been much interest in the blowout regime of plasma wakefield
acceleration (PWFA), which features ultra-high fields and nonlinear plasma
motion. Using an exact analysis, we examine here a fundamental limit of
nonlinear PWFA excitation, by an infinitesimally short, relativistic electron
beam. The beam energy loss in this case is shown to be linear in charge even
for nonlinear plasma response, where a normalized, unitless charge exceeds
unity. The physical basis for this effect is discussed, as are deviations from
linear behavior observed in simulations with finite length beams.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review Letter
Probing Gauge String Formation in a Superconducting Phase Transition
Superconductors are the only experimentally accessible systems with
spontaneously broken gauge symmetries which support topologically nontrivial
defects, namely string defects. We propose two experiments whose aim is the
observation of the dense network of these strings thought to arise, via the
Kibble mechanism, in the course of a spontaneous symmetry breaking phase
transition. We suggest ways to estimate the order of magnitude of the density
of flux tubes produced in the phase transition. This may provide an
experimental check for the theories of the production of topological defects in
a spontaneously broken gauge theory, such as those employed in the context of
the early Universe.Comment: 16 pages (Latex), 4 figures included, change in title, some minor
changes, published versio
The Glueball in a Chiral Linear Sigma Model with Vector Mesons
We present a two-flavour linear sigma model with global chiral symmetry and
(axial-)vector mesons as well as an additional glueball degree of freedom. We
study the structure of the well-established scalar resonances f0(1370) and
f0(1500): by a fit to experimentally known decay widths we find that f0(1370)
is predominantly a \bar{q}q state and f0(1500) is predominantly a glueball
state. The overall phenomenology of these two resonances can be well described.
Other assignments for our mixed quarkonium-glueball states are also tested, but
turn out to be in worse agreement with the phenomenology. As a by-product of
our analysis, the gluon condensate is determined.Comment: 8 page
Numerical Study of the Lowest Energy Configurations for Global String-Antistring Pairs
We investigate the lowest energy configurations for string - antistring pairs
at fixed separations by numerically minimizing the energy. We show that for
separations smaller than a critical value, a region of false vacuum develops in
the middle due to large gradient energy density. Consequently, well defined
string - antistring pairs do not exist for such separations. We present an
example of vortex - antivortex production by vacuum bubbles where this effect
seems to play a dynamical role in the annihilation of the pair. We also study
the dependence of the energy of an string-antistring pair on their separation
and find deviations from a simple logarithmic dependence for small separations.Comment: 14 pages, in LATEX, 7 figures (not included
Topological String Defect Formation During the Chiral Phase Transition
We extend and generalize the seminal work of Brandenberger, Huang and Zhang
on the formation of strings during chiral phase transitions(berger) and discuss
the formation of abelian and non-abelian topological strings during such
transitions in the early Universe and in the high energy heavy-ion collisions.
Chiral symmetry as well as deconfinement are restored in the core of these
defects. Formation of a dense network of string defects is likely to play an
important role in the dynamics following the chiral phase transition. We
speculate that such a network can give rise to non-azimuthal distribution of
transverse energy in heavy-ion collisions.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, minor correction
Semiclassical Decay of Excited String States on Leading Regge Trajectories
We study the decay of hadrons based on a semiclassical string model. By
including quark mass effects we find that the width to mass ratio \G/m is an
increasing function of , which increases most rapidly for massive quarks.
This is consistent with the available data. The decay probability of hadrons on
the leading Regge trajectories is computed taking the effect of the string
rotation into account. The resulting decay probability is no longer uniform
along the length of the string but varies in a manner that is in qualitative
agreement with the available data. We argue in favour of possible experiments
that would test our predictions more accurately and help open a window to the
nonperturbative aspects of QCD.Comment: 15 PAGES, UR-1326, ER-40685-776, SU-4240-55
Photoinjector-generation of a flat electron beam with transverse emittance ratio of 100
The generation of a flat electron beam directly from a photoinjector is an
attractive alternative to the electron damping ring as envisioned for linear
colliders. It also has potential applications to light sources such as the
generation of ultra-short x-ray pulses or Smith-Purcell free electron lasers.
In this Letter, we report on the experimental generation of a flat-beam with a
measured transverse emittance ratio of for a bunch charge of
nC; the smaller measured normalized root-mean-square emittance is
m and is limited by the resolution of our experimental setup.
The experimental data, obtained at the Fermilab/NICADD Photoinjector
Laboratory, are compared with numerical simulations and the expected scaling
laws.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Tunable Electron Multibunch Production in Plasma Wakefield Accelerators
Synchronized, independently tunable and focused J-class laser pulses are
used to release multiple electron populations via photo-ionization inside an
electron-beam driven plasma wave. By varying the laser foci in the laboratory
frame and the position of the underdense photocathodes in the co-moving frame,
the delays between the produced bunches and their energies are adjusted. The
resulting multibunches have ultra-high quality and brightness, allowing for
hitherto impossible bunch configurations such as spatially overlapping bunch
populations with strictly separated energies, which opens up a new regime for
light sources such as free-electron-lasers
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