Componentes Asociados al agotamiento académico en estudiantes de Educación Superior

The present study arises as a response to the adversities that academic exhaustion represents in the students of the different public and private institutions of higher education in the city of Ibarra - Ecuador and aims to analyze the components that are associated with this problem. Materials and methods: The research is of a quantitative, non-experimental type, in addition, the selection of the sample is non-probabilistic for convenience, causal or incidental. The design presented by the research is descriptive, correlational - cross-sectional cohort analysis, to examine in detail, the information collected to identify the respective causality. The variables analyzed do not present normality in their normal distribution. Results and discussion: Most of the analyzed population, 98.4%, presents alarming levels of academic exhaustion, between moderate and severe, unlike the 1.6% that shows a mild or absent level. These percentages are very surprising within the university community due to the adverse effects they represent, which are caused by the excess and obsession that exists in the fulfillment of tasks, projects, academic work, exhibitions, evaluations, and more activities that demand the level of higher education. Conclusions: It is shown that, according to the respective statistical analysis, procrastination and excessive use of social networks and new technologies are the main factors that negatively influence the academic fatigue of university students.El presente estudio surge como respuesta a las adversidades que representa el agotamiento académico en los estudiantes de las diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas de educación superior de la ciudad de Ibarra – Ecuador y tiene por objetivo analizar los componentes que están asociados a este problema. Materiales y métodos: La investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, no experimental, además, la selección de la muestra es no probabilística por conveniencia, causal o incidental. El diseño que presenta la investigación es descriptiva, correlacional – analítica de cohorte transversal, a fin de examinar en detalle la información recolectada para identificar la respectiva causalidad. Las variables analizadas no presentan normalidad en su distribución normal. Resultados y discusión: La mayoría de la población analizada, el 98,4%, presenta alarmantes niveles de agotamiento académico, entre moderado y severo, a diferencia del 1,6% que muestra un nivel leve o ausente. Estos porcentajes son muy sorprendentes en el seno de la comunidad universitaria por los efectos adversos que representan, los cuales, son provocados por el exceso y obsesión que existe en el cumplimiento de tareas, proyectos, trabajos académicos, exposiciones, evaluaciones y más actividades que demanda el nivel de educación superior. Conclusiones: Se demuestra que, de acuerdo con el análisis estadístico respectivo, la procrastinación y el uso excesivo de redes sociales y nuevas tecnologías son los principales factores que influyen negativamente en la fatiga académica de los estudiantes universitarios

Procrastinación académica de adolescentes en tiempos de pandemia

Main objective: To analyze the components that cause academic procrastination in the virtual modality of the students of the General Unified Baccalaureate of the Educational Unit "28 de Septiembre" of the city of Ibarra - Ecuador. Materials and methods: This study is quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional and non-probabilistic; In addition, it has a descriptive, correlational and analytical research design. The quantitative variables do not present normality in their distribution. The data collection instruments, test and survey, were applied at the different levels of the high school of the analyzed population, made up of a total of 178 students belonging to the intervened educational institution. Main results: The majority of participants, especially male, are in an age range of 14 to 17 years, who have high levels of procrastination, conditioned by the use of distractors, where age is a determining factor in educational interaction, since the older the adolescent, the higher the level of postponement of academic activities. Main Conclusion: The level of academic postponement is statistically associated with the excessive use of social networks and new technologies, and turns them into risk factors for the exposure caused during confinement.Objetivo principal: Analizar los componentes que ocasionan la procrastinación académica en la modalidad virtual de los estudiantes del Bachillerato General Unificado de la Unidad Educativa “28 de Septiembre” de la ciudad de Ibarra - Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: El presente estudio es de tipo cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal y no probabilístico; además, tiene un diseño de investigación descriptivo, correlacional y analítico. Las variables cuantitativas no presentan normalidad en su distribución. Los instrumentos de recolección de datos, test y encuesta, fueron aplicados en los diferentes niveles del bachillerato de la población analizada, conformada por un total de 178 estudiantes pertenecientes a la institución de educación intervenida. Resultados principales: La mayoría de participantes, sobre todo de sexo masculino, se encuentran en un rango de edad de 14 a 17 años, quienes presentan niveles altos de procrastinación, condicionados por el uso de distractores, en donde la edad constituye un factor determinante en la interacción educativa, puesto que a mayor edad del adolescente existe mayor nivel de postergación de actividades académicas. Conclusión Principal: El nivel de aplazamiento académico está asociado estadísticamente con el uso excesivo de redes sociales y nuevas tecnologías y los convierte en factores de riesgo por la exposición ocasionada durante el confinamiento

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030