Aplicación de los principios de contratación electrónica en las transacciones con bitcoins en Colombia

Million of dollars are moved worldwide by electronic contracting daily, obviously its legal regulation has been the subject of considerable debates within the contemporary commercial and procedural law. It is not only about analyzing the substantial perspective of electronic contract, but also the possibility of its demand and effectiveness in procedural stages. This article analyzes the principles that impact electronic contracting, with its own jurisprudential and normative development in the Colombian context; this requires a brief overview about the importance of the principles in law and their functions, secondly, an introduction to the phenomenon of electronic contracting, and finally with the detailed study of the principles. Later it will be analyzed its application in bitcoins.La contratación electrónica mueve millones de dólares a diario en todo el mundo, naturalmente su regulación jurídica ha sido objeto de importantes debates en el marco del derecho comercial y procesal contemporáneo. No solo se trata de analizar la perspectiva sustancial del contrato electrónico, sino también la posibilidad de su exigencia y eficacia en escenarios procesales. El presente artículo analiza los principios que impactan la contratación electrónica, con su respectivo desarrollo jurisprudencial y normativo en el contexto colombiano; para ello se realizará un breve repaso de la importancia de los principios en el derecho y sus funciones, en segundo lugar, una introducción al fenómeno de la contratación electrónica, para finalizar con el estudio pormenorizado de los principios. Posteriormente se analizará su aplicación en bitcoins. A contratação eletrônica move, hoje em dia, nove milhões de dolaresdiarios no mundo inteiro, natualmente a sua regulação juridica tem sido objeto de importantes debates no contexto do direito comercial e procesualcontemporaneo. Ao longo do estudo vamos não somente analizar a perspectiva sustancial do contrato eletrônico mas a possibilidade da sua zexigencia e eficacia nos escenariosprocesuais. Além disso, fazer um estudo jurisprudencial e normativo no caso colombiano, para o qual se prevê um estudo à profundidade aos principios de direito e as suas funções, no segundo lugar, uma introdução ao fenômeno da contratação eletrônica para assim finalizar com o estudo em detalhe dos principios e da aplicação dos bitcoins no caso concreto.La passationélectroniquetraine de millions de dollars par jour dans tout le monde, naturellement sa réglementation juridique a été objet d’importants débats dans le cadre du droit commercial et processuel contemporain. Il s’agit non seulement d’analyser la perspective substantielle du contrat électronique, mais aussi de a possibilité de sa exigence et de la efficacité dans les scenarios processuels. Le présent article analyse les principes qui impactent dans la passation électronique, avec son respectif développement jurisprudentiel et normatif dans le contexte colombien ; pour cela il s’élaborera une courte révision de l’importance des principes du droit et leur fonctions, pour finaliser avec l’étude détaillé des principes. Ultérieurement, il s’analysera son application aux bitcoin

Aplicación de los principios de contratación electrónica en las transacciones con bitcoins en Colombia

Million of dollars are moved worldwide by electronic contracting daily, obviously its legal regulation has been the subject of considerable debates within the contemporary commercial and procedural law. It is not only about analyzing the substantial perspective of electronic contract, but also the possibility of its demand and effectiveness in procedural stages. This article analyzes the principles that impact electronic contracting, with its own jurisprudential and normative development in the Colombian context; this requires a brief overview about the importance of the principles in law and their functions, secondly, an introduction to the phenomenon of electronic contracting, and finally with the detailed study of the principles. Later it will be analyzed its application in bitcoins.La passationélectroniquetraine de millions de dollars par jour dans tout le monde, naturellement sa réglementation juridique a été objet d’importants débats dans le cadre du droit commercial et processuel contemporain. Il s’agit non seulement d’analyser la perspective substantielle du contrat électronique, mais aussi de a possibilité de sa exigence et de la efficacité dans les scenarios processuels. Le présent article analyse les principes qui impactent dans la passation électronique, avec son respectif développement jurisprudentiel et normatif dans le contexte colombien ; pour cela il s’élaborera une courte révision de l’importance des principes du droit et leur fonctions, pour finaliser avec l’étude détaillé des principes. Ultérieurement, il s’analysera son application aux bitcoinsA contratação eletrônica move, hoje em dia, nove milhões de dolaresdiarios no mundo inteiro, natualmente a sua regulação juridica tem sido objeto de importantes debates no contexto do direito comercial e procesualcontemporaneo. Ao longo do estudo vamos não somente analizar a perspectiva sustancial do contrato eletrônico mas a possibilidade da sua zexigencia e eficacia nos escenariosprocesuais. Além disso, fazer um estudo jurisprudencial e normativo no caso colombiano, para o qual se prevê um estudo à profundidade aos principios de direito e as suas funções, no segundo lugar, uma introdução ao fenômeno da contratação eletrônica para assim finalizar com o estudo em detalhe dos principios e da aplicação dos bitcoins no caso concreto.La contratación electrónica mueve millones de dólares a diario en todo el mundo, naturalmente su regulación jurídica ha sido objeto de importantes debates en el marco del derecho comercial y procesal contemporáneo. No solo se trata de analizar la perspectiva sustancial del contrato electrónico, sino también la posibilidad de su exigencia y eficacia en escenarios procesales. El presente artículo analiza los principios que impactan la contratación electrónica, con su respectivo desarrollo jurisprudencial y normativo en el contexto colombiano; para ello se realizará un breve repaso de la importancia de los principios en el derecho y sus funciones, en segundo lugar, una introducción al fenómeno de la contratación electrónica, para finalizar con el estudio pormenorizado de los principios. Posteriormente se analizará su aplicación en bitcoins.

Constitución e inteligencia artificial en el proceso

El tránsito de la fe a la tecnología en el proceso penal. La inteligencia artificial en la valoración de la prueba judicial: sistema experto juez inteligente: un avance hacia una justicia independiente y eficiente. El futuro de las garantías y principios constitucionales de la jurisdicción. Reflexiones en torno a la neurociencia y la prueba de testimonios. Función jurisdiccional e inteligencia artificial. Normas procesales e inteligencia artificial: condiciones para una intersección posibilista. Usos y límites de la inteligencia artificial en el proceso civil: Redes neuronales, tecnología GPT-3 y proceso. La inteligencia artificial en el ámbito de la salud: reflexiones a partir de la teoría de la pérdida de la oportunidad y de la responsabilidad del Estado. La inteligencia artificial y las garantías constitucionales. La propuesta de investigación: estructura básica y algunos aspectos críticos en el derecho

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care