La enseñanza del ajuste de la información al espacio en la construcción de textos escritos/ Teaching how to adjust information to the space in the construction of written texts

Objective: This article explores various conceptual approaches about teaching-learning process of the construction of written texts, when a certain space is required, which is reached by a systematization of the studies of other specialties, without background found. Methods: The methods used were historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, Systemic-structural and systematization. These methods allowed penetrating the essence of the problem identified, analyzing and processing the theory about the fundamentals were used of the direction of the teaching-learning process of the construction of written texts and the teaching of the notion of space.Results: The fundamental result is didactic resources for textual spatiality, understood as the set of teaching techniques, procedures and materials made available to teaching activities to diversify learning, and enhance teaching methods for the distribution of space in said process. Conclusion: The conceptualization and the methodological procedure are contributions to the didactics of the construction of written texts when is required a specific space.Keywords: professional, didactic procedure, construction of written textsObjetivo: Este artículo explora diversas aproximaciones conceptuales sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la construcción de textos escritos, cuando se exige un determinado espacio, a las que se llega por una sistematización de los estudios  de otras especialidades, sin antecedentes encontrados. Métodos: Se emplearon los métodos histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, ascenso de lo abstracto a lo concreto, Sistémico-estructural y sistematización que  posibilitan penetrar en la esencia del problema identificado, analizar y procesar la teoría acerca de los fundamentos de la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la construcción de textos escritos y la enseñanza de la noción de espacio en este proceso. Resultados: El resultado fundamental son recursos didácticos para la espacialidad textual, entendidos como el conjunto de técnicas, procedimientos y materiales didácticos puestos a disposición de las actividades docentes para diversificar el aprendizaje, y potenciar los métodos de enseñanza para la distribución del espacio en dicho proceso. Conclusión: La conceptualización y el proceder metodológico son aportes a la didáctica de la construcción de textos escritos cuando se exige un espacio determinado. &nbsp

Erratum: Combined fit of spectrum and composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present a combined fit of a simple astrophysical model of UHECR sources to both the energy spectrum and mass composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The fit has been performed for energies above 5 ⋅ 10(18) eV, i.e. the region of the all-particle spectrum above the so-called ankle feature. The astrophysical model we adopted consists of identical sources uniformly distributed in a comoving volume, where nuclei are accelerated through a rigidity-dependent mechanism. The fit results suggest sources characterized by relatively low maximum injection energies, hard spectra and heavy chemical composition. We also show that uncertainties about physical quantities relevant to UHECR propagation and shower development have a non-negligible impact on the fit results

Search for photons with energies above 1018^{18} eV using the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

International audienceA search for ultra-high energy photons with energies above 1 EeV is performed using nine years of data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in hybrid operation mode. An unprecedented separation power between photon and hadron primaries is achieved by combining measurements of the longitudinal air-shower development with the particle content at ground measured by the fluorescence and surface detectors, respectively. Only three photon candidates at energies 1–2 EeV are found, which is compatible with the expected hadron-induced background. Upper limits on the integral flux of ultra-high energy photons of 0.027, 0.009, 0.008, 0.008 and 0.007 km(−)(2) sr(−)(1) yr(−)(1) are derived at 95% C.L. for energy thresholds of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 EeV. These limits bound the fractions of photons in the all-particle integral flux below 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.33%, 0.85% and 2.7%. For the first time the photon fraction at EeV energies is constrained at the sub-percent level. The improved limits are below the flux of diffuse photons predicted by some astrophysical scenarios for cosmogenic photon production. The new results rule-out the early top-down models − in which ultra-high energy cosmic rays are produced by, e.g., the decay of super-massive particles − and challenge the most recent super-heavy dark matter models

Calibration of the logarithmic-periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) radio stations at the Pierre Auger Observatory using an octocopter

International audienceAn in-situ calibration of a logarithmic periodic dipole antenna with a frequency coverage of 30 MHz to 80 MHz is performed. Such antennas are part of a radio station system used for detection of cosmic ray induced air showers at the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the so-called Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) . The directional and frequency characteristics of the broadband antenna are investigated using a remotely piloted aircraft carrying a small transmitting antenna. The antenna sensitivity is described by the vector effective length relating the measured voltage with the electric-field components perpendicular to the incoming signal direction. The horizontal and meridional components are determined with an overall uncertainty of 7.4(+0.9)(−)(0.3)% and 10.3(+2.8)(−)(1.7)% respectively. The measurement is used to correct a simulated response of the frequency and directional response of the antenna. In addition, the influence of the ground conductivity and permittivity on the antenna response is simulated. Both have a negligible influence given the ground conditions measured at the detector site. The overall uncertainties of the vector effective length components result in an uncertainty of 8.8(+2.1)(−)(1.3)% in the square root of the energy fluence for incoming signal directions with zenith angles smaller than 60°