26,192 research outputs found
Impact of urban growth on water bodies: The case of Hyderabad
Being located in the Deccan Plateau region, Hyderabad city has been dotted with a number of lakes, which formed very important component of its physical environment. With the increasing control of the State and private agencies over the years, and rapid urban sprawl of the city, many of the water bodies have been totally lost. Many have been shrunk in size while the waters of several lakes got polluted with the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents. This study makes an attempt to analyse the transformation of common property resources (the lakes) into private property. The adverse consequences of the loss of water bodies are felt in the steep decline in water table and the resultant water crisis in several areas. Further, the severity of flooding that was witnessed in August 2000 was also due to a reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels. The State has not bothered to either implement the existing laws or pay attention to the suggestions of environmental organisations in this regard. The paper argues that in this process of loss of water bodies in Hyderabad, the State is as much responsible as private agencies in terms of the policies that it has formulated and the lack of ensuring legislation and implementation.
Impact of Urban Growth on Water Bodies - The Case of Hyderabad
Being located in the Deccan Plateau region, Hyderabad city has been dotted with a number of lakes, which formed very important component of its physical environment. With the increasing control of the State and private agencies over the years, and rapid urban sprawl of the city, many of the water bodies have been totally lost. Many have been shrunk in size while the waters of several lakes got polluted with the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial effluents. This study makes an attempt to analyse the transformation of common property resources (the lakes) into private property. The adverse consequences of the loss of water bodies are felt in the steep decline in water table and the resultant water crisis in several areas. Further, the severity of flooding that was witnessed in August 2000 was also due to a reduction in the carrying capacity of lakes and water channels. The State has not bothered to either implement the existing laws or pay attention to the suggestions of environmental organisations in this regard. The paper argues that in this process of loss of water bodies in Hyderabad, the State is as much responsible as private agencies in terms of the policies that it has formulated and the lack of ensuring legislation and implementation.Urban Growth, Water Bodies, Hyderabad
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Increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and glutamate: Potential preventive and therapeutic targets for hearing disorders.
Hearing disorders constitute one of the major health concerns in the USA. Decades of basic and clinical studies have identified numerous ototoxic agents and investigated their modes of action on the inner ear, utilizing tissue culture as well as animal and human models. Current preventive and therapeutic approaches are considered unsatisfactory. Therefore, additional modalities should be developed. Many studies suggest that increased levels of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and glutamate play an important role in the initiation and progression of damage to the inner ear leading to hearing impairments. To prevent these cellular deficits, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and antagonists of glutamate receptor have been used individually or in combination with limited success. It is essential, therefore, to simultaneously enhance the levels of antioxidant enzymes by activating the Nrf2 (a nuclear transcriptional factor) pathway, dietary and endogenous antioxidant compounds, and B12-vitamins in order to reduce the levels of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and glutamate at the same time. This review presents evidence to show that increased levels of these cellular metabolites, biochemical or factors are involved in the pathogenesis of cochlea leading to hearing impairments. It presents scientific rationale for the use of a mixture of micronutrients that may decrease the levels of oxidative damage, chronic inflammation, and glutamate at the same time. The benefits for using oral administration of proposed micronutrient mixture in humans are presented. Animal and limited human studies indirectly suggest that orally administered micronutrients can accumulate in the inner ear. Therefore, this route of administration may be useful in prevention, and in combination with standard care, in improved management of hearing problems following exposure to well-recognized and studied ototoxic agents, such as noise, cisplatin, aminoglycoside antibiotics, and advanced age
Source Regions of Coronal Mass Ejections
Observations of the solar corona with the Large Angle Spectrometric
Coronograph (LASCO) and Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) instruments
on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) provide an unprecedented
opportunity to study coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from their initiation
through their evolution out to 30 \rsun. The objective of this study is to gain
an understanding of the source regions from which the CMEs emanate. To this
end, we have developed a list of 32 CMEs whose source regions are located on
the solar disk and are well observed in EIT 195 {\AA} data during the period
from so lar minimum in January 1996 through the rising part of the cycle in May
1998. We compare the EIT source regions with photospheric magnetograms from the
Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument on SOHO and the NSO/Kitt Peak
Observatory and also with H data from various sources. The overall
results of our study show that 41% of the CME related transients observed are
associated with active regions and have no prominence eruptions, 44% are
associated with eruptions of prominences embedded in active regions and 15% are
associated with eruptions of prominences outside active regions. Those CMEs
that do not involve prominence eruptions originate in active regions both with
and without prominences. We describe 6 especially well observed events. These
case studies suggest that active region CMEs (without eruptive prominences) are
associated with active regions with lifetimes between 11--80 days. They are
also often associated with small scale emerging or cancelling flux over
timescales of 6--7 hours. CMEs associated with active region prominence
eruptions, on the other hand, are typically associated with old active regions
with lifetimes 6-7 months.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, scheduled for Nov 1, 2001 issu
Influence of large deflection and transverse shear on random response of rectangular symmetric composite laminates to acoustic loads
Nonlinear equations of motion of symmetrically laminated anisotropic plates are derived accounting for von Karman strains. The effect of transverse shear is included in the formulation and the rotatory inertia effect is ignored. Using a single-mode Galerkin procedure the nonlinear modal equation is obtained. Direct equivalent linearization is employed. The response of acoustic excitation on moderately thick composite panels is studied. Further, the effects of transverse shear on large deflection vibration of laminates under random excitation are studied. Mean-square deflection and mean-square inplane stresses are obtained for some symmetric graphite-epoxy laminates. Using equilibrium equations and the continuity requirements, the mean-square transverse shear stresses are calculated. The results obtained will be useful in the sonic fatigue design of composite aircraft panels. The analysis is presented in detail for simply supported plate. The analogous equations for a clamped case are given in the appendix
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