Reaction rates and transport in neutron stars

Understanding signals from neutron stars requires knowledge about the transport inside the star. We review the transport properties and the underlying reaction rates of dense hadronic and quark matter in the crust and the core of neutron stars and point out open problems and future directions.Comment: 74 pages; commissioned for the book "Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars", NewCompStar COST Action MP1304; version 3: minor changes, references updated, overview graphic added in the introduction, improvements in Sec IV.A.

Coupling between adjacent crystal planes in heterogeneous catalysis by propagating reaction–diffusion waves

UNDERSTANDING of the mechanisms and kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions has come largely from the study of gas–solid interactions on well defined single-crystal surfaces1,2. But real catalysts usually consist of nanometre-sized particles on which several different crystal planes are exposed. In general, it has been assumed that their properties can be regarded as a superposition of the contributions from each individual structural element. Here we show that this assumption may be invalid, even qualitatively, in certain cases. We have studied the oxidation of hydrogen on platinum surfaces at low pressure and room temperature. On a macroscopic Pt(lOO) single crystal the reaction reaches a steady state with a uniform distribution of adsorbates. But on the platinum tip of a field ion microscope, on which several different crystal planes are exposed, the reaction has a very different character. The tip contains a region of the (100) plane just 40 nm in diameter, on which the reaction rate displays sustained temporal oscillations. This effect is associated with continuously changing distributions of the adsorbed species in the form of propagating waves, which are generated by coupling of reactions occurring on adjacent crystal planes. This kind of interaction between different crystal planes may exert a profound influence on the kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis