A study of Village Budget (APBDes) Utilization for Village Infrastructure Development at Wates

The application of village budget (APBDes) on rural infrastructure development in Wates, including the planning based on social need has two models: community discussion and BPD (village representative) which is directly involved in APBDes planning. The realization of APBDes in rural infrastructure development has three models: first, infrastructures developed by rural district, second, infrastructures developed in RT (neighborhood association-the lowest administrative unit) area under village chief coordination and third, tertiary irrigation infrastructure by P3A (association of farmers using water). Since 2007-2008, the budget allocation is effectively used more or less 16% from the DAD (Village Allocation Budget) for infrastructure development. The DAD application shows that the improvement is lower compared to the higher DAD. Before and after the DAD enactment, infrastructure development has shown the same raising. Therefore, the raising of DAD in APBDes does not directly influence the raising of rural infrastructure development because of its little proportion and for it serves as a stimulus to the community self-supporting. The development of rural infrastructure in Wates is influenced by rural improvement program which is funded by central government, province government and district government, APBDes and community self-supporting fund. APBDes gives 5% support from the total needed for rural infrastructure development in Wates

New Perspectives on the Hole Argument

This special issue of Foundations of Physics collects together articles representing some recent new perspectives on the hole argument in the history and philosophy of physics. Our task here is to introduce those new perspectives

The interactional work of configuring a mathematical object in a technology-enabled embodied learning environment

We present a detailed account of interactional mechanisms that support participation in STEM disciplinary practices as an adult and a child explore a technology-enabled embodied learning environment for mathematics. Drawing on ethnomethodological studies of technologyrich workplaces, we trace the process of transforming a vague reference into a mutually available mathematical object: a covariant variable. Our analysis reveals that this mathematical object is an interactional achievement, configured via a reciprocal process of instructing one another's attention. In particular, we demonstrate how participants' explicit responsiveness to indexical and multimodal resources achieves this object

Extrahepatic complications of liver transplantation.

The massive surgical assault associated with hepatic transplantation makes a high frequency of complications almost inevitable. In this review of 225 patient records, selected at random from cases of liver transplantation in Pittsburgh over a 2 1/2 year period ending in January 1985, 87.2% of patients experienced at least one significant complication that threatened their survival or that of the graft and that often prolonged their hospitalization. Familiarity with the complications may facilitate earlier recognition, with consequently early and more effective management in future cases